{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:01:04Z","timestamp":1773414064194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41730107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funded Project of Fundamental Scientific Research Business Expenses of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["AR2104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2104"]}]},{"name":"LZJTU EP","award":["grant no. 201806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 201806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose the Point Cloud Tree Species Classification Network (PCTSCN) to overcome challenges in classifying tree species from laser data with deep learning methods. The network is mainly composed of two parts: a sampling component in the early stage and a feature extraction component in the later stage. We used geometric sampling to extract regions with local features from the tree contours since these tend to be species-specific. Then we used an improved Farthest Point Sampling method to extract the features from a global perspective. We input the intensity of the tree point cloud as a dimensional feature and spatial information into the neural network and mapped it to higher dimensions for feature extraction. We used the data obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Laser Scanning (UAVLS) to conduct tree species classification experiments of white birch and larch. The experimental results showed that in both the TLS and UAVLS datasets, the input tree point cloud density and the highest feature dimensionality of the mapping had an impact on the classification accuracy of the tree species. When the single tree sample obtained by TLS consisted of 1024 points and the highest dimension of the network mapping was 512, the classification accuracy of the trained model reached 96%. For the individual tree samples obtained by UAVLS, which consisted of 2048 points and had the highest dimension of the network mapping of 1024, the classification accuracy of the trained model reached 92%. TLS data tree species classification accuracy of PCTSCN was improved by 2\u20139% compared with other models using the same point density, amount of data and highest feature dimension. The classification accuracy of tree species obtained by UAVLS was up to 8% higher. We propose PCTSCN to provide a new strategy for the intelligent classification of forest tree species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Classification of Typical Tree Species in Laser Point Cloud Based on Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianchang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Application of Geographical Situation Monitoring Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Geographical Situation Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.013","article-title":"Tree species classification in the Southern Alps based on the fusion of very high geometrical resolution multispectral\/hyperspectral images and LiDAR data","volume":"123","author":"Dalponte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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