{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:22:09Z","timestamp":1773116529696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 41907389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 41907389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 2018YFB2100702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2018YFB2100702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["no. AR2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. AR2008"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["no. AR2120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. AR2120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Yellow River Delta in China is the most active one for sea\u2013land changes over all deltas worldwide, and its coastline evolution is critical to urban planning and environmental sustainability in coastal areas. Existing studies rarely used yearly temporal resolution, and lack more detailed and quantitative analysis of coastline evolution characteristics. This paper used visual interpretation to extract the coastline of the Yellow River Delta in year interval Landsat images for 45 years from 1976 to 2020, and analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of the coastline evolution through statistical methods such as calculating change values and change rate. The main results are as follows: (1) overall, the coastline of the Yellow River Delta presented a spatial pattern involving northern landward retreat and southern seaward expansion. Since 1990, the Yellow River Delta has entered a period of decline. In addition, the length of the artificial coastline increased by about 55 km; (2) in the Qingshuigou region, the land area and the coastline length increased first and then stabilized. The southeastern part of the Qingshuigou was in a state of erosion, while the northeastern part was expanding toward the sea along the north direction; (3) in the Diaokou region, the land area has been decreasing, but the reduction rate has gradually slowed down. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) through the research on the evolution model and mechanism of the coastline of the Yellow River Delta, it was found that human factors and natural factors were the two major driving factors that affect the evolution of the coastline; (2) a river branch appeared in the northern part of the Qingshuigou region in 2014 and became a major branch in 2020, which would affect the development of the coastal region of Chengdao. This study is important for better understanding the evolution pattern of the Yellow River Delta coastline and will help to provide guidance for coastline management and resource exploitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Study on Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Yellow River Delta Coastline from 1976 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chengming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Lining","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal, M., Polat, N., and Dereli, M. (2017). Coastline change of the Aksehir Lake (Southwestern Turkey) between 1984 and 2016. Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70548-4_510"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.02.012","article-title":"Sustainable coastal zone planning based on historical coastline changes: A model from case study in Tainan, Taiwan","volume":"174","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urb. Plan."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5452-5","article-title":"Analysis of the characteristics and causes of coastline variation in the Bohai Rim (1980\u20132010)","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., Heimhuber, V., Huth, J., and Dech, S. (2019). Remote Sensing for the Quantification of Land Surface Dynamics in Large River Delta Regions\u2014A Review. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11171985"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri\u015for, A.-I., Hamma, W., Nguyen, H.D., Randazzo, G., Muzirafuti, A., Stan, M.-I., Tran, V.T., A\u015ftef\u0103noaiei, R., Bui, Q.-T., and Vintil\u0103, D.-F. (2020). Degradation of Coastlines under the Pressure of Urbanization and Tourism: Evidence on the Change of Land Systems from Europe, Asia and Africa. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9080275"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.042","article-title":"Climate Change, Human Impacts, and Coastal Ecosystems in the Anthropocene","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Gamper, C., and Arbinolo, M. (2021). Adapting to a changing climate in the management of coastal zones. No. 24 \u00c9ditions. OCDE."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-014-0707-0","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal characteristics of land use intensity of coastal zone in China during 2000\u20132010","volume":"25","author":"Di","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1070-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of coastlines in northern China (2000\u20132012)","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-015-0765-y","article-title":"Spatial differences of coastal urban expansion in China from 1970s to 2013","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.076","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes of human disturbances and their effects on landscape patterns in the Jiangsu coastal zone, China","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2021.105542","article-title":"Changes in coastline and coastal reclamation in the three most developed areas of China, 1980\u20132018","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0921-7","article-title":"Remote sensing retrieval of surface suspended sediment concentration in the Yellow River Estuary","volume":"27","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-5317-5","article-title":"Characteristics of shoreline changes in mainland China since the early 1940s","volume":"59","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Liu, G., Huang, C., Liu, Q., and Guan, X. (2018). Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Based on Fuzzy Analytical Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Yellow River Delta. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050855"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"102014","article-title":"Estimation of aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Yellow River Delta based on UAV and Backpack LiDAR point clouds","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2018.01.008","article-title":"Socio-ecological vulnerability assessment in coastal communities in the BCLME region","volume":"188","author":"Sowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.152","article-title":"Environmental health assessment of warming coastal ecosystems in the tropics\u2014Application of integrative physiological indices","volume":"643","author":"Madeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111665","article-title":"Mapping changes in coastlines and tidal flats in developing islands using the full time series of Landsat images","volume":"239","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-013-1023-9","article-title":"Temporal and spatial evolution of coastline and subaqueous geomorphology in muddy coast of the Yellow River Delta","volume":"23","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0926-2","article-title":"Remote monitoring of expansion of aquaculture ponds along coastal region of the Yellow River Delta from 1983 to 2015","volume":"28","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"585","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of shoreline change in the Yellow River Delta from 1959 to 2002","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oceanol. Limnol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1109157","article-title":"Shoreline change assessment for various types of coasts using multi-temporal Landsat imagery of the east coast of South Korea","volume":"7","author":"Choung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3026708","article-title":"Satellite-Observed Evolution Dynamics of the Yellow River Delta in 1984\u20132018","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., and Niu, X. (2021). Variation Tendency of Coastline under Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbance around the Abandoned Yellow River Delta in 1984\u20132019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173391"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"99","article-title":"Coastline change detection of the Yellow River Delta by satellite remote sensing","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"26","article-title":"Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of Shoreline changes in Dongying section of the Yellow River Delta based on Landsat","volume":"36","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2016). Analysis on the water and sediment variation in Yellow River and its influence on the change of Yellow River Delta. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.09.038","article-title":"Evolution of the Yellow River Delta and its relationship with runoff and sediment load from 1983 to 2011","volume":"520","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2017.10.006","article-title":"Spatial and temporal shoreline changes of the southern Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta in 1976\u20132016","volume":"395","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-019-1023-5","article-title":"Evolution of Yellow River Delta Coastline Based on Remote Sensing from 1976 to 2014, China","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-19-00012.1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes to the River Channel and Shoreline of the Yellow River Delta during a 40-Year Period (1976\u20132017)","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q.T., Li, P., Li, Z.H., Pu, S.X., Wu, X., Bi, N.S., and Wang, H.J. (2021). Spatiotemporal Changes of Coastline over the Yellow River Delta in the Previous 40 Years with Optical and SAR Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101940"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-021-1185-9","article-title":"Effect of Hydrological Connectivity on Soil Carbon Storage in the Yellow River Delta Wetlands of China","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Liu, X., Guo, L., Cui, Y., Su, X., and Ling, X. (2021). Soil Classification and Site Variability Analysis Based on CPT\u2014A Case Study in the Yellow River Subaquatic Delta, China. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9040431"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M., Zhao, C., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., Bai, L., and Bai, W. (2020). Multi-Scale and Multi-Dimensional Time Series InSAR Characterizing of Surface Deformation over Shandong Peninsula, China. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072294"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142165","article-title":"Land subsidence of the Yellow River Delta in China driven by river sediment compaction","volume":"750","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"585","article-title":"Monitoring wetland changes in Yellow River Delta by remote sensing during 1976\u20132008","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-018-2027-x","article-title":"Stratigraphic sequence and deposition-affected compressibility of fine-grained sediments in the ancient Yellow River Delta during the late Pleistocene and Holocene","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.107018","article-title":"Mapping spatial variability in shoreline change hotspots from satellite data; a case study in southeast Australia. Estuar","volume":"246","author":"Konlechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2021.107707","article-title":"Satellite-derived shoreline detection at a high-energy meso-macrotidal beach","volume":"383","author":"Castelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.009","article-title":"Monitoring the coastline change of Hatiya Island in Bangladesh using remote sensing techniques","volume":"101","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Harff, J., Giza, A., Hartleib, J., Dudzi\u0144ska-Nowak, J., Bobertz, B., Furma\u0144czyk, K., and Z\u00f6litz, R. (2017). Reconstruction of Coastline Changes by the Comparisons of Historical Maps at the Pomeranian Bay, Southern Baltic Sea. Coastline Changes of the Baltic Sea from South to East, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49894-2_13"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.04.042","article-title":"Stepwise morphological evolution of the active Yellow River (Huanghe) delta lobe (1976\u20132013): Dominant roles of riverine discharge and sediment grain size","volume":"292","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.11.035","article-title":"Shoreline dynamics of the active Yellow River delta since the implementation of Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme: A remote-sensing and statistics-based approach","volume":"200","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-020-1103-6","article-title":"Effects of Tidal Channels and Roads on Landscape Dynamic Distribution in the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-019-1039-x","article-title":"Dynamic Changes in the Wetland Landscape Pattern of the Yellow River Delta from 1976 to 2016 Based on Satellite Data","volume":"29","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4789\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:04Z","timestamp":1760168164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13234789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13234789","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}}}