{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:59:48Z","timestamp":1772719188375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["192626868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192626868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SE2383\/7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE2383\/7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many Indonesian forests have been cleared and replaced by fast-growing cash crops (e.g., oil palm and rubber plantations), altering the vegetation structure of entire regions. Complex vegetation structure provides habitat niches to a large number of native species. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) can provide detailed three-dimensional information on vegetation structure. Here, we investigate the potential of ALS metrics to highlight differences across a gradient of land-use management intensities in Sumatra, Indonesia. We focused on tropical rainforests, jungle rubber, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations and transitional lands. Twenty-two ALS metrics were extracted from 183 plots. Analysis included a principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and random forest (RF) characterization of the land use\/land cover (LULC). Results from the PCA indicated that a greater number of canopy gaps are associated with oil palm plantations, while a taller stand height and higher vegetation structural metrics were linked with rainforest and jungle rubber. A clear separation in metrics performance between forest (including rainforest and jungle rubber) and oil palm was evident from the metrics pairwise comparison, with rubber plantations and transitional land behaving similar to forests (rainforest and jungle rubber) and oil palm plantations, according to different metrics. Lastly, two RF models were carried out: one using all five land uses (5LU), and one using four, merging jungle rubber with rainforest (4LU). The 5LU model resulted in a lower overall accuracy (51.1%) due to mismatches between jungle rubber and forest, while the 4LU model resulted in a higher accuracy (72.2%). Our results show the potential of ALS metrics to characterize different LULCs, which can be used to track changes in land use and their effect on ecosystem functioning, biodiversity and climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Using Airborne Laser Scanning to Characterize Land-Use Systems in a Tropical Landscape Based on Vegetation Structural Metrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Camarretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Goettingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 2, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ehbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture of the Temperate Zone, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Goettingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 1, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture of the Temperate Zone, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Goettingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 1, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Agrobiodiversity, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mohd.","family":"Zuhdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University, Jl. Raya Jambi\u2014Muara Bulian Km. 15, Mendalo Indah, Jambi Luar Kota, Jambi 36361, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Miryam Sarah","family":"Merk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chairs of Statistics and Econometrics, University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 3, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Erasmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Economics, Th\u00fcnen Institute, Bundesallee 63, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7615-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Knohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Goettingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 2, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 1, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13095","article-title":"Restoration of degraded lands through bioenergy plantations","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. 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