{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:26:33Z","timestamp":1780543593017,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Second Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["2019QZKK0307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0307"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41925005, 41701051 and 41801181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41925005, 41701051 and 41801181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autumn phenology, commonly represented by the end of season (EOS), is considered to be the most sensitive and crucial productivity indicator of alpine and cold grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Previous studies typically assumed that the rates of EOS changes remain unchanged over long time periods. However, pixel-scale analysis indicates the existence of turning points and differing EOS change rates before and after these points. The spatial heterogeneity and controls of these turning points remain unclear. In this study, the EOS turning point changes are extracted and their controls are explored by integrating long time-series remote sensing images and piecewise regression methods. The results indicate that the EOS changed over time with a delay rate of 0.08 days\/year during 1982\u20132015. The rates of change are not consistent over different time periods, which clearly highlights the existence of turning points. The results show that temperature contributed most strongly to the EOS changes, followed by precipitation and insolation. Furthermore, the turning points of climate, human activities (e.g., grazing, economic development), and their intersections are found to jointly control the EOS turning points. This study is the first quantitative investigation into the spatial heterogeneity and controls of the EOS turning points on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and provides important insight into the growth mechanism of alpine and cold grassland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detecting the Turning Points of Grassland Autumn Phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Spatial Heterogeneity and Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3299-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanzheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science & Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Inventory and Planning Institute of the State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Hangzhou 310019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Inventory and Planning Institute of the State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Hangzhou 310019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieth, H. (1974). Phenology and Seasonality Modeling, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-51863-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Sun, H., Xiong, J., He, D., Cheng, W., Ye, C., Yong, Z., and Huang, X. (2021). Dynamics and drivers of vegetation phenology in three-river headwaters region based on the Google Earth engine. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132528"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, C., Shen, S., Cheng, C., Wu, J., Jia, D., and Song, C. (2021). Vegetation Phenology in the Qilian Mountains and its response to temperature from 1982 to 2014. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020286"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornez, K., Richardson, A.D., Verger, A., Descals, A., and Penuelas, J. (2020). Evaluation of vegetation and PROBA-V phenology using PhenoCam and Eddy covariance data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183077"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.08.020","article-title":"Responses of net primary productivity to phenological dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S., Chen, X.Q., Zhang, X.Y., Lang, W.G., Ren, S.L., and Xu, L. (2020). Precipitation and minimum temperature are primary climatic controls of alpine grassland autumn phenology on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030431"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14001","article-title":"Peak season plant activity shift towards spring is reflected by increasing carbon uptake by extratropical ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Gonsamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03578","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3578","article-title":"The different impacts of the daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures on the alpine grassland phenology","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.01.083","article-title":"Phenology of the avian spring migratory passage in Europe and North America: Asymmetric advancement in time and increase in duration","volume":"101","author":"Lehikoinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00675.x","article-title":"Extension of the growing season due to delayed autumn over mid and high latitudes in North America during 1982\u20132006","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2019.06.017","article-title":"Variations and climate constraints of terrestrial net primary productivity over Mongolia","volume":"537","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.07.019","article-title":"Evidence of autumn phenology control on annual net ecosystem productivity in two temperate deciduous forests","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarvia, F., De Petris, S., and Borgogno-Mondino, E. (2021). Exploring climate change effects on vegetation phenology by MOD13Q1 data: The piemonte region case study in the period 2001\u20132019. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030555"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107682","article-title":"Strong impacts of autumn phenology on grassland ecosystem water use efficiency on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"126","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.07.013","article-title":"Trends in the thermal growing season throughout the Tibetan Plateau during 1960\u20132009","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwv058","article-title":"Plant phenological responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau: Research status and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12954","article-title":"Temperature and snowfall trigger alpine vegetation green-up on the world\u2019s roof","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.031","article-title":"Dynamics of vegetation autumn phenology and its response to multiple environmental factors from 1982 to 2012 on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321727111","article-title":"Variation in leaf flushing date influences autumnal senescence and next year\u2019s flushing date in two temperate tree species","volume":"111","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7045","article-title":"Spring phenology outweighed climate change in determining autumn phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1387308","article-title":"Effect of climate change on vegetation phenology of different land-cover types on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Yan, F., and Lu, Q. (2020). Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and the Influence of Climatic Factors and Human Activities on Vegetation Trend (2000\u20132019). Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193150"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Zu, J., and Zhang, J. (2016). The Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13267","article-title":"Revealing turning points in ecosystem functioning over the Northern Eurasian agricultural frontier","volume":"22","author":"Horion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108571","article-title":"Combined control of multiple extreme climate stressors on autumn vegetation phenology on the Tibetan Plateau under past and future climate change","volume":"308\u2013309","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-5541-2016","article-title":"Impact of temperature and precipitation extremes on the flowering dates of four German wildlife shrub species","volume":"13","author":"Siegmund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108312","article-title":"Autumn Phenology and Its Covariation with Climate, Spring Phenology and Annual Peak Growth on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"298\u2013299","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zheng, D. (2008). The Systematic Study of Ecogeographical Regions in China, Commercial Press."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Editorial Committee of Chinese Vegetation Map (2006). Vegetation Map of the People\u2019s Republic of China (1:1000000), Geological Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086929","article-title":"A Non-Stationary 1981\u20132012 AVHRR NDVI3g Time Series","volume":"6","author":"Pinzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, G.R., Zhang, H.Y., Yang, L.B., Zhao, J.J., Guo, X.Y., Hong, Y., Wu, R.H., and Dan, G. (2020). Estimating Frost during Growing Season and Its Impact on the Velocity of Vegetation Greenup and Withering in Northeast China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091355"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.H., and Liang, S.L. (2020). Assessing Terrestrial Ecosystem Resilience using Satellite Leaf Area Index. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040595"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"10","article-title":"No trends in spring and autumn phenology during the global warming hiatus","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304625110","article-title":"No evidence of continuously advanced green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau over the last decade","volume":"110","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"He, J., and Yang, K. (2016). China meteorological forcing dataset (1979\u20132015). A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles: 2016, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"461","article-title":"Harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"67","author":"Jakubauskas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000020144","article-title":"Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s","volume":"24","author":"Stow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0472","article-title":"Piecewise regression: A tool for identifying ecological thresholds","volume":"84","author":"Toms","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012490107","article-title":"Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2307\/1940179","article-title":"Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation","volume":"73","author":"Borcard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Oksanen, J.B.F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O\u2019hara, R., Simpson, G., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Wagner, H. (2021, May 01). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities. Version 1. Available online: http:\/\/cran.rproject.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15422","article-title":"Quantifying leaf-trait covariation and its controls across climates and biomes","volume":"221","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02759","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2759","article-title":"Analyzing community structure subject to incomplete sampling: Hierarchical community model vs. canonical ordinations","volume":"100","author":"Yamaura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcv055","article-title":"Changes in autumn senescence in northern hemisphere deciduous trees: A meta-analysis of autumn phenology studies","volume":"116","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0806-0","article-title":"Light limitation regulates the response of autumn terrestrial carbon uptake to warming","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"E93","article-title":"Delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau may also be attributable to other factors than winter and spring warming","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2020.04.035","article-title":"Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9854-3","article-title":"Effect of fencing and grazing on a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"319","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant. Soil"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.07.028","article-title":"Grazing alters the phenology of alpine steppe by changing the surface physical environment on the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"248","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1447190","DOI":"10.1080\/15230430.2018.1447190","article-title":"Summer habitat use of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) in response to winter livestock grazing in the alpine steppe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"50","author":"Badingquiying","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"E9993","article-title":"Shifts in flowering phenology reshape a subalpine plant community","volume":"115","author":"CaraDonna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0880-8","article-title":"Evolutionary and demographic consequences of phenological mismatches","volume":"3","author":"Visser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4142-2","article-title":"Impact of dynamic vegetation phenology on the simulated pan-Arctic land surface state","volume":"52","author":"Teufel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Magliulo, V., Jiang, H., and Cheng, M. (2017). Phenology Plays an Important Role in the Regulation of Terrestrial Ecosystem Water-Use Efficiency in the Northern Hemisphere. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070664"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104086","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abb32f","article-title":"Understanding the role of phenology and summer physiology in controlling net ecosystem production: A multiscale comparison of satellite, PhenoCam and eddy covariance data","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.10.003","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in two species of mediterranean sub-shrubs with different leaf phenology","volume":"59","author":"Palacio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac1a3b","article-title":"Incorporating water availability into autumn phenological model improved China\u2019s terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) simulation","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:16Z","timestamp":1760168176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13234797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13234797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}}}