{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:47:15Z","timestamp":1780393635454,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1931119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1931119"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFC2200903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200903"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chang\u2019E-5 (CE-5) is China\u2019s first lunar sample return mission. This paper focuses on the trajectory determination of the CE-5 lander and ascender during the landing and ascending phases, and the positioning of the CE-5 lander on the Moon. Based on the kinematic statistical orbit determination method using B-spline and polynomial functions, the descent and ascent trajectories of the lander and ascender are determined by using ground-based radiometric ranging, Doppler and interferometry data. The results show that a B-spline function is suitable for a trajectory with complex maneuvers. For a smooth trajectory, B-spline and polynomial functions can reach almost the same solutions. The positioning of the CE-5 lander on the Moon is also investigated here. Using the kinematic statistical positioning method, the landing site of the lander is 43.0590\u00b0N, 51.9208\u00b0W with an elevation of \u22122480.26 m, which is less than 200 m different from the LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) image data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Trajectory Determination of Chang\u2019E-5 during Landing and Ascending"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Progress of China\u2019s Lunar Exploration (2011\u20132020). 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