{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1779897891051,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0902"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2021JC-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JC-40"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Science &amp; Technology Cooperation Program of China","award":["2018YFE0100100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0100100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information about the long-term spatiotemporal evolution of landslides can improve the understanding of landslides. However, since landslide deformation characteristics differ it is difficult to monitor the entire movement of a landslide using a single method. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and pixel offset tracking (POT) method can complement each other when monitoring deformation at different landslide stages. Therefore, the InSAR and improved POT method were adapted to study the pre- and post-failure surface deformation characteristics of the Gaojiawan landslide to deepen understanding of the long-term spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of landslides. The results show that the deformation displacement gradient of the Gaojiawan landslide exhibited rapid movement that exceeded the measurable limit of InSAR during the first disaster. Moreover, the Gaojiawan landslide has experienced long-term creep, and while studying the post-second landslide\u2019s failure stability, the acceleration trend was identified via time series analysis, which can be used as a precursor signal for landslide disaster warning. Our study aims to provide scientific reference for local governments to help prevent and mitigate geological disasters in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detecting Long-Term Deformation of a Loess Landslide from the Phase and Amplitude of Satellite SAR Images: A Retrospective Analysis for the Closure of a Tunnel Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yaru","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haijun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiading","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqian","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.10.020","article-title":"The effects of slope length and slope gradient on the size distributions of loess slides: Field observations and simulations","volume":"300","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-2161-2018","article-title":"Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016","volume":"18","author":"Froude","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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