{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:36:32Z","timestamp":1773416192997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004239","name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0112\/SBAD\/0185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0112\/SBAD\/0185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central courtyards are primary components of vernacular architecture in Iran. The directions, dimensions, ratios, and other characteristics of central courtyards are critical for studying historical passive cooling and heating solutions. Several studies on central courtyards have compared their features in different cities and climatic zones in Iran. In this study, deep learning methods for object detection and image segmentation are applied to aerial images, to extract the features of central courtyards. The case study explores aerial images of nine historical cities in Bsk, Bsh, Bwk, and Bwh K\u00f6ppen climate zones. Furthermore, these features were gathered in an extensive dataset, with 26,437 samples and 76 geometric and climatic features. Additionally, the data analysis methods reveal significant correlations between various features, such as the length and width of courtyards. In all cities, the correlation coefficient between these two characteristics is approximately +0.88. Numerous mathematical equations are generated for each city and climate zone by fitting the linear regression model to these data in different cities and climate zones. These equations can be used as proposed design models to assist designers and researchers in predicting and locating the best courtyard houses in Iran\u2019s historical regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Central Courtyard Feature Extraction in Remote Sensing Aerial Images Using Deep Learning: A Case-Study of Iran"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1429-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilija","family":"Vukorep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Moazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Nadolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Bazazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Poznan, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Charytonowicz, J., and Falco, C. 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