{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:34:19Z","timestamp":1760236459836,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of small-satellite technologies allows the low Earth orbit intersatellite link (LEO-LEO) occultation method to observe the Earth\u2019s atmosphere with global coverage and acceptable costs using electromagnetic signals, in which the L\/X\/K\/M band and short-wave infrared band signals have been well demonstrated to be suitable. We hence need to investigate the impacts of orbital and constellation parameters on the number and spatiotemporal distribution of LEO-LEO occultation events for best-possible LEO-LEO occultation mission design and optimization at the targeted mission size. In this study, firstly, an occultation events location simulation model accounting for the right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) precession was set up and the concept of a time-dependent global coverage fraction of occultation events was defined. Secondly, numerical experiments were designed to investigate the orbital parameters\u2019 impacts and to assess the performance of LEO-LEO occultation constellations, in which the Earth is divided into 5\u00b0 \u00d7 5\u00b0 latitude and longitude cells. Finally, the number, timeliness, and global coverage fraction of occultation events for two-orbit and multi-orbit LEO-LEO constellations were calculated and analyzed. The results show that: \u2460 the orbit inclination and RAAN are the main impacting parameters followed by orbital height, while the RAAN precession is a relevant modulation factor; \u2461 co-planar counter-rotating receiving and transmitting satellite orbits are confirmed to be ideal for a two-satellite LEO-LEO constellation; \u2462 polar and near-polar orbit constellations most readily achieve global coverage of occultation events; near-equator orbit constellations with supplementary receiving and transmitting satellite orbit planes also readily form the occultation event geometry, though the occultation events are mainly distributed over low and low-to-middle latitude zones; and \u2463 a well-designed larger LEO-LEO occultation constellation, composed of 36\u201372 satellites, can meet the basic requirements of global numerical weather prediction for occultation numbers and timeliness, yielding 23,000\u201338,000 occultation events per day and achieving 100% global coverage in 12\u201318 h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impacts of Orbital and Constellation Parameters on the Number and Spatiotemporal Coverage of LEO-LEO Occultation Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Congliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC) and Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology\/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9187-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gottfried","family":"Kirchengast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC) and Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology\/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Proschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC) and Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology\/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellite of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC) of NSSC\/CAS, Beijing 100190, China, and University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"94-18","article-title":"The application of spaceborne GPS to atmospheric limb sounding and global monitoring","volume":"147","author":"Melbourne","year":"1994","journal-title":"JPL 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