{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T16:08:25Z","timestamp":1770566905048,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0504204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0504204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018617","name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XLYC1802027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC1802027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAS \u201cBR\u201d","award":["Y 938091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y 938091"]}]},{"name":"Project supported discipline innovation team of Liaoning Technical University","award":["LNTU20TD-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNTU20TD-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface albedo, as an important parameter for land surface geo-biophysical and geo-biochemical processes, has been widely used in the research communities involved in surface energy balance, weather forecasting, atmospheric circulation, and land surface process models. In recent years, operational products using satellite-based surface albedo have, from time to time, been rapidly developed, contributing significantly to the estimation of energy balance at regional or global scales. The increasing number of research topics on dynamic monitoring at a decades-long scale requires a combination of albedo products generated from various sensors or programs, while the quantitative assessment of agreement or divergence among different surface albedo products still needs further understanding. In this paper, we investigated the consistency of three classical operational surface albedo products that have been frequently used by researchers globally via the official issued datasets-MODIS, GLASS (Global LAnd Surface Satellite), and CGLS (Copernicus Global Land Service). The cross-comparison was performed on all the identical dates available during 2000\u20132017 to represent four season-phases. We investigated the pixel-based validity of each product, consistency of global annual mean, spatial distribution and different temporal dynamics among the discussed products in white-sky (WSA) and black-sky (BSA) albedo at visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave (SW) regimes. Further, varying features along with the change of seasons was also examined. In addition, the variation in accuracy of shortwave albedo magnitude was explored using ground measurements collected by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SUFRAD). Results show that: (1) All three products can provide valid long-term albedo for dominant land surface, while GLASS can provide additional estimation over sea surfaces, with the highest percentage of valid land surface pixels, at up to 93% in 24 October. The invalid pixels mainly existed in the 50\u00b0N\u201360\u00b0N latitude belt in December for GLASS, Central Africa in April and August for MODIS, and northern high latitudes for CGLS. (2) The global mean albedo of CGLS at the investigated bands has significantly higher values than those of MODIS and GLASS, with a relative difference of ~20% among the three products. The global mean albedo of MODIS and GLASS show a generally increasing trend from April to December, with an abrupt rise at NIR and SW of CGLS in June of 2014. Compared with SW and VIS bands, the linear temporal trend of the NIR global albedo mean in three products continues to increase, but the slope of CGLS is 10\u2013100 times greater than that of the other two products. (3) The differences in albedo, which are higher in April, October, and December than in August, exhibit a small variation over the main global land surface regions, except for Central Eurasia, North Africa, and middle North America. The magnitude of global absolute difference among the three products usually varies within 0.02\u20130.06, but with the largest value occasionally exceeding 0.1. The relative difference is mainly within 10\u201320%, and can deviate more than 40% away from the baseline. In addition, CGLS has a greater opportunity to achieve the largest difference compared with MODIS and GLASS. (4) The comparison with ground measurements indicates that MODIS generally performs better than GLASS and CGLS at the sites discussed. This study demonstrates that apparent differences exist among the three investigated albedo products due to the ingested source data, algorithm, atmosphere correction etc., and also points at caution regarding data fusion when multiple albedo products were organized to serve the following applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cross-Comparison of Global Surface Albedo Operational Products-MODIS, GLASS, and CGLS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Congying","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Latipa","family":"Tuerhanjiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Institute of Resource and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuexi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Branch, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Aigong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Chongyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Gas Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110000, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIOH Automobile Testing & Certification Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101103, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4","article-title":"Land surface processes and climate\u2014Surface albedos and energy balance","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Dickinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1597189","article-title":"Remote sensing of earth\u2019s energy budget: Synthesis and review","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and their effects on surface water-energy balance over the Three-North Region of China","volume":"275","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"184","article-title":"Human-induced changes of surface albedo in Northern China from 1992\u20132012","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Lan, X., Li, W., and Li, T. (2021). Influence of Land Use Change on the Surface Albedo and Climate Change in the Qinling-Daba Mountains. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810153"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1126\/science.187.4175.434","article-title":"Drought in the Sahara: A biogeophysical feedback mechanism","volume":"187","author":"Charney","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1071\/WF10075","article-title":"Assessment of post-fire changes in land surface temperature and surface albedo, and their relation with fire\u2013burn severity using multitemporal MODIS imagery","volume":"21","author":"Veraverbeke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons, E.A., Jin, Y.F., and Randerson, J.T. (2008). Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JG000606"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-018-0021-9","article-title":"Examining post-fire vegetation recovery with Landsat time series analysis in three western North American forest types","volume":"15","author":"Bright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc0276","article-title":"Evolution and effects of the social-ecological system over a millennium in China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100990","article-title":"Mapping Surface Broadband Albedo from Satellite Observations: A Review of Literatures on Algorithms and Products","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.020","article-title":"Evaluation of the VIIRS BRDF, Albedo and NBAR products suite and an assessment of continuity with the long term MODIS record","volume":"201","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Carrer, D., Smets, B., Ceamanos, X., and Roujean, J.-L. (2020, May 10). SPOT\/VEGETATION and PROBA-V Surface Albedo Products\u20141 Km Version 1; Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), Issue 2.11. Copernicus Global Land Operations CGLOPS-1 (Framework Service Contract N\u00b0 199494-JRC). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/sites\/cgls.vito.be\/files\/products\/CGLOPS1_ATBD_SA1km-V1_I2.11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-2121-2013","article-title":"A statistics-based temporal filter algorithm to map spatiotemporally continuous shortwave albedo from MODIS data","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2245670","article-title":"Direct-estimation algorithm for mapping daily land-surface broadband albedo from MODIS data","volume":"52","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Diner, D.J., Martonchik, J.V., Borel, C., Gerstl, S.A.W., Gordon, H.R., Knyazikhin, Y., Myneni, R., Pinty, B., and Verstraete, M.M. (2020, May 10). Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer: Level 2 Surface Retrieval Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Available online: https:\/\/eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/atbd\/ATB_L2Surface43.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.019","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of 30-m snow-free albedo from Landsat surface reflectance and MODIS BRDF","volume":"115","author":"Shuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.009","article-title":"An approach for the long-term 30-m land surface snow-free albedo retrieval from historic Landsat surface reflectance and MODIS-based a priori anisotropy knowledge","volume":"152","author":"Shuai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Leonard, O., Pinnock, P., Mulle, J.-P., Kennedy, T., Lewis, P., Kharbouche, S., Fisher, D., North, P., Fisher, J., and Preusker, R. (2020, May 10). GlobAlbedo: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. European Space Agency. Available online: http:\/\/www.globalbedo.org\/docs\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Schroeder, T., Fischer, J., Preusker, R., Schaale, M., and Regner, P. (2005, January 26\u201330). Retrieval of surface reflectances in the framework of the MERIS GLOBAL LAND SURFACE ALBEDO MAPS Project. Proceedings of the MERIS (A) ATSR Workshop 2005 (ESA SP-597), Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, J.P., Preusker, R., Fischer, J., Zuhlke, M., Brockmann, C., and Regner, P. (2007, January 23\u201328). ALBEDOMAP: MERIS land surface albedo retrieval using data fusion with MODIS BRDF and its validation using contemporaneous EO and in situ data products. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2007), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423326"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034530","article-title":"Comparing operational MSG\/SEVIRI land surface albedo products from Land SAF with ground measurements and MODIS","volume":"48","author":"Carrer","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kati, A., J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, E., Riihel\u00e4, A., Manninen, T., and Andersson, K. (2020, May 10). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document\u2013CM SAF Cloud, Albedo, Radiation Data Record, AVHRR-based, Edition 2 (CLARA-A2) \u2013Surface Albedo. EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.cmsaf.eu\/SharedDocs\/Literatur\/document\/2016\/saf_cm_fmi_atbd_gac_sal_2_3_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.006","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance of Earth targets: Evaluation of analytical models using a large set of spaceborne measurements with emphasis on the Hot Spot","volume":"90","author":"Maignan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lacaze, R., and Maignan, F. (2020, May 10). POLDER-3\/PARASOL Land Surface Algorithms Description. Available online: https:\/\/www.theia-land.fr\/wp-content-theia\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/12\/PARASOL_TE_AlgorithmDescription_I3.11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2020.1716561","article-title":"Re-understanding of land surface albedo and related terms in satellite-based retrievals","volume":"4","author":"Shuai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841980","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models","volume":"38","author":"Lucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.08.015","article-title":"Surface albedo raise in the South American Chaco: Combined effects of deforestation and agricultural changes","volume":"232","author":"Houspanossian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.001","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of albedo across European boreal forests: Analysis of MODIS albedo and structural metrics from airborne LiDAR","volume":"224","author":"Hovi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.019","article-title":"Analysis of MODIS albedo changes over steady woody covers in France during the period of 2001\u20132013","volume":"191","author":"Planque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-2597-2019","article-title":"The surface albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 1982 and 2015 from the CLARA-A2 dataset and its relationship to the ice sheet\u2019s surface mass balance","volume":"13","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111396","article-title":"Persistent albedo reduction on southern Icelandic glaciers due to ashfall from the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption","volume":"233","author":"Mller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4189-0","article-title":"Evapotranspiration-dominated biogeophysical warming effect of urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10281","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021667","article-title":"Analysis of global land surface albedo climatology and spatial-temporal variation during 1981\u20132010 from multiple satellite products","volume":"119","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, R., Muller, J.P., Kharbouche, S., and Woodgate, W. (2019). Intercomparison of Surface Albedo Retrievals from MISR, MODIS, CGLS Using Tower and Upscaled Tower Measurements. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060644"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.001","article-title":"Burned area and surface albedo products: Assessment of change consistency at global scale","volume":"225","author":"Mota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107779","article-title":"Impact of rainfall extremes on energy exchange and surface temperature anomalies across biomes in the Horn of Africa","volume":"280","author":"Abera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.871564","article-title":"Validation of the MODIS Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function and Albedo retrievals using combined observations from the Aqua and Terra platforms","volume":"44","author":"Salomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.C., Schaaf, C., Strahler, A., Jiao, Z.T., Shuai, Y.M., Zhang, Q.L., Roman, M., Augustine, J.A., and Dutton, E.G. (2009). Validation of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo retrieval algorithm: Dependence of albedo on solar zenith angle. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009969"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.804601","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of the long-term GLASS albedo product","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Zapero, J., de la Madrid, L., and Camacho, F. (2020, April 09). Validation Report of Surface Albedo (SA) from PROBA-V Collection 1 km Version 1.5 (Issue I2.21). Copernicus Global Land Operations CGLOPS-1 (Framework Service Contract N\u00b0 199494-JRC). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/sites\/cgls.vito.be\/files\/products\/CGLOPS1_VR_SA1km-PROBAV-V1.5_I2.21.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-1491-2018","article-title":"Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN): Structure and data description (1992\u20132017)","volume":"10","author":"Driemel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1806.1","article-title":"An update on SURFRAD\u2013the GCOS Surface Radiation Budget Network for the Continental United States","volume":"22","author":"Augustine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.001","article-title":"Capturing rapid land surface dynamics with Collection V006 MODIS BRDF\/NBAR\/Albedo (MCD43) products","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (2018). Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation: Volume I\u2014Measurement of Meteorological Variables, World Meteorological Organization. WMO-No.8."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Sun, Q., Wang, Z.S., Zhan, L., Rom\u00e1n, M.O., and Crystal, S. (2020, May 10). VIIRS BRDF, Albedo, and NBAR Product Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Available online: https:\/\/www.umb.edu\/editor_uploads\/images\/school_for_the_environment_cs\/Viirs\/VIIRS_ATBD_Apr_Jul2017_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Shuai, Y. (2010). Tracking Daily Land Surface Albedo and Reflectance Anisotropy with MODerate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). [Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuai, Y.M., Schaaf, C.B., Strahler, A.H., Liu, J.C., and Jiao, Z.T. (2008). Quality assessment of BRDF\/albedo retrievals in MODIS operational system. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032568"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S., Zhang, X., Xiao, Z., Cheng, J., Liu, Q., and Zhao, X. (2013). Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Products: Algorithms, Validation and Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02588-9"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Sanchez-Zapero, J. (2020, April 09). Scientific Quality Evaluation (SQE) of PROBA-V Surface Albedo (SA) Collection 1 km Version 1 (Issue I1.00). Copernicus Global Land Operations CGLOPS-1 (Framework Service Contract N\u00b0 199494-JRC). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/sites\/cgls.vito.be\/files\/products\/CGLOPS1_SQE2017_SA1km-V1_I1.00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sanchez-Zapero, J. (2020, April 09). Quality Assessment Report of Surface Albedo (SA) -Version 1 SPOT\/VEGETATION (Issue I1.10). Gio Global Land Component-Lot I (Framework Service Contract N\u00b0 388533-JRC). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/sites\/cgls.vito.be\/files\/products\/CGLOPS1_SQE2017_SA1km-V1_I1.00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2049342","article-title":"Analysis of Global Land Surface Shortwave Broadband Albedo From Multiple Data Sources","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Lewis, P., and Barnsley, M. (1994, January 17\u201321). Influence of the Sky Radiance Distribution on Various Formulations of the Earth Surface Albedo. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Val d\u2019Is\u00e8re, France."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.014","article-title":"Assessing the coupling between surface albedo derived from MODIS and the fraction of diffuse skylight over spatially-characterized landscapes","volume":"114","author":"Schaaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atmospheric correction algorithm: Spectral reflectances (MOD09)","volume":"4","author":"Vermote","year":"1999","journal-title":"ATBD Version"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Carrer, D., Smets, B., Swinnen, E., Ceamanos, X., and Roujean, J.-L. (2020, May 10). Top of canopy normalized reflectance (toc-r) Collection 1km Version 1.5; Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), Issue 2.11. Copernicus Global Land Operations CGLOPS-1 (Framework Service Contract N\u00b0 199494-JRC). Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/sites\/cgls.vito.be\/files\/products\/CGLOPS1_ATBD_TOCR1km-V1.5_I2.21.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L.X., Shuai, Y.M., Shao, C.Y., Xie, D.H., Zhang, Q.L., Li, Y.M., and Yang, J. (2021). Angle Effect on Typical Optical Remote Sensing Indices in Vegetation Monitoring. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091699"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Zapero, J., Camacho, F., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, E., Lacaze, R., Carrer, D., Pinault, F., Benhadj, I., and Mu\u00f1oz-Sabater, J. (2020). Quality Assessment of PROBA-V Surface Albedo V1 for the Continuity of the Copernicus Climate Change Service. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162596"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proud, S.R., Fensholt, R., Rasmussen, M.O., and Sandholt, I. (2010). A comparison of the effectiveness of 6S and SMAC in correcting for atmospheric interference of Meteosat Second Generation images. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013693"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the SPOT\/VEGETATION Collection 3 reprocessed dataset: Surface reflectances and NDVI","volume":"201","author":"Swinnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Performance assessment of the operational MODIS BRDF model for snow\/ice cover type","volume":"23","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2185775","article-title":"Validation of an Analytical Snow BRDF Model Using PARASOL Multi-Angular and Multispectral Observations","volume":"9","author":"Kokhanovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00101-3","article-title":"Land surface albedo retrieval via kernel-based BRDF modeling: II. An optimal design scheme for the angular sampling","volume":"84","author":"Pokrovsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00205-4","article-title":"Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I Algorithms","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00005-6","article-title":"Land surface albedo from the synergistic use of polar (EPS) and geo-stationary (MSG) observing systems: An assessment of physical uncertainties","volume":"81","author":"Roujean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:00Z","timestamp":1760168280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13234869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13234869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}}}