{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:59:36Z","timestamp":1769248776864,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009625","name":"Beijing Social Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19JDGLA006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JDGLA006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Distinguished Professor Project of Beijing Union University","award":["no"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no"]}]},{"name":"A grant from State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["no"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no"]}]},{"name":"Premium Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Beijing Union Uni-versity","award":["BPHR2017CZ01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPHR2017CZ01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-speed railway (HSR) promote the efficient flow of the population and materials between cities and have profoundly affected urban economic development in China. However, there is currently limited research about how HSR influences urban expansion, especially related to the variable impacts on different urban agglomerations, different size cities, and the conversion of non-urban land to urban land. In this study, from two levels of regional heterogeneity and type heterogeneity, a multi-stage difference-in-differences (multi-stage DID) model and land use remote sensing data are used to investigate these research areas. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The first opening of HSR had a more significant role in promoting urban expansion than HSR frequency, but several years after opening, HSR no longer promotes urban expansion. (2) The opening of HSR only played a significant role in promoting urban expansion in Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei. HSR frequency had a significant role in promoting urban expansion in the Yangtze River Delta. (3) The opening of HSR had no significant impact on urban expansion for different size cities, and HSR frequency only had a significant negative impact on urban expansion of small cities. (4) The first opening of HSR led to urban expansion dominated by the occupation of cultivated land. Cities in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia mainly converted barren land and vegetation cover to urban land after the first opening of HSR. In northeast China, the first opening of HSR made the conversion of vegetation cover and cultivated land to urban land roughly equivalent in size. The results of this study are helpful to understand the impact of the first opening of HSR and the scale of conversion of different types of non-urban land into urban land on urban expansion. In the era of HSR, these findings provide a valuable reference for regional planning and preventing the disorderly expansion of cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"4914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Heterogeneous Impact of High-Speed Railway on Urban Expansion in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1647-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linlin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.03.001","article-title":"Roles of accessibility, connectivity and spatial interdependence in realizing the economic impact of high-speed rail: Evidence from China","volume":"91","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. 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