{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:24:14Z","timestamp":1775514254171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC0601305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0601305"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41504076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41504076"]}]},{"name":"Key Projects of Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["20180101093JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180101093JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetotelluric (MT) sounding data can easily be damaged by various types of noise, especially in industrial areas, where the quality of measured data is poor. Most traditional de-noising methods are ineffective to the low signal-to-noise ratio of data. To solve the above problem, we propose the use of a de-noising method for the detection of noise in MT data based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition (SVD), with multiscale dispersion entropy and phase space reconstruction carried out for pretreatment. No \u201cover processing\u201d takes place in the proposed method. Compared with wavelet transform and SVD decomposition in synthetic tests, the proposed method removes the profile of noise more completely, including large-scale noise and impulse noise. For high levels or low levels of noise, the proposed method can increase the signal-to-noise ratio of data more obviously. Moreover, application to the field MT data can prove the performance of the proposed method. The proposed method is a feasible method for the elimination of various noise types and can improve MT data with high noise levels, obtaining a recovery in the response. It can improve abrupt points and distortion in MT response curves more effectively than the robust method can.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"4932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["De-Noising of Magnetotelluric Signals by Discrete Wavelet Transform and SVD Decomposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Geophysics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Changbai Mountain Volcano Comprehensive Geophysics Field Science Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Education, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Tonglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Geophysics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Changbai Mountain Volcano Comprehensive Geophysics Field Science Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Education, Changchun 130026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2019.103835","article-title":"Structure of the Cerro Prieto Pull-apart basin from joint inversion of gravity, magnetic and magne-totelluric data","volume":"170","author":"Gallardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2021.229015","article-title":"Lithospheric structure and transformation of the Songnen and Jiamusi blocks in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt revealed by 3D magnetotelluric inversion","volume":"816","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Han, J., Liu, Y., Ma, G., Han, F., Yang, Y., Liu, L., Guo, L., Guan, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Metallogenic model of the Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn district, Northeast China: Revealed from integrated geophysical investigation. Geosci. Front., 10132. (prepubilsh).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101321"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440225","article-title":"The estimation of magnetotelluric impedance tensor elements from measured data","volume":"36","author":"Sims","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440988","article-title":"Error analysis for remote reference magnetotellurics","volume":"44","author":"Gamble","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1894081","article-title":"Magnetotelluric transfer function estimation improvement by a coherence-based rejection technique","volume":"Volume 50","author":"Jones","year":"1984","journal-title":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1984"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04552.x","article-title":"The robust estimation of geomagnetic transfer functions","volume":"87","author":"Egbert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02203.x","article-title":"Bounded influence magnetotelluric response function estimation","volume":"157","author":"Chave","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1071\/EG989383","article-title":"Robust M-estimation of magnetotelluric impedance tensors","volume":"20","author":"Sutarno","year":"1989","journal-title":"Explor. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E237","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2013-0026.1","article-title":"Robust processing of noisy land-based controlled-source electromagnetic data","volume":"78","author":"Streich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01733.x","article-title":"Magnetotelluric data processing with a robust statistical procedure having a high breakdown point","volume":"152","author":"Smirnov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu121","article-title":"Magnetotelluric data, stable distributions and impropriety: An existential combination","volume":"198","author":"Chave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02621.x","article-title":"Effective noise separation for magnetotelluric single site data processing using a frequency domain selection scheme","volume":"161","author":"Weckmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert spectrum for non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1983.tb01047.x","article-title":"Remote-reference magnetotellurics: Equipment and procedures","volume":"31","author":"Clarke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05663.x","article-title":"The robust multiple station magnetotelluric data processing","volume":"130","author":"Egbert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.1998.00440.x","article-title":"New equipment and processing for magnetotelluric remote reference observations","volume":"132","author":"Ritter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2001.00473.x","article-title":"Noise reduction in magnetotelluric time-series with a new signal-noise separation method and its application to a field experiment in the Saxonian Granulite Massif","volume":"146","author":"Oettinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"603","article-title":"Hilbert-Huang transformation and noise suppression of magnetotelluric sounding data","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075103","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0009771","article-title":"Effective component extraction for hydraulic pump pressure signal based on fast empirical mode decomposition and relative entropy","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-9-443-2020","article-title":"The baseline wander correction based on the improved ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) algorithm for grounded electrical source airborne transient electromagnetic signals","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11770-019-0760-7","article-title":"Magnetotelluric signal-noise separation method based on SVM\u2013CEEMDWT","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2019.103919","article-title":"De-noising low-frequency magnetotelluric data using mathematical morphology filtering and sparse representation","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-020-02592-z","article-title":"Magnetotelluric noise suppression based on impulsive atoms and NPSO-OMP algorithm","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1441328","article-title":"Wave propogation and sampling theory, 1, Complex signal and scattering in multi-layered media","volume":"47","author":"Morlet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.3160410705","article-title":"Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets","volume":"41","author":"Daubechies","year":"1988","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"69","article-title":"Multiresolution approximations and wavelet orthonormal bases of L2(R)","volume":"315","author":"Mallat","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, Y. (1990). Wavelets and Operators, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511662294.012"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chui, C.K. (1995). An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG00427","article-title":"Wavelet analysis for geophysical applications","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444742","article-title":"Wavelet filtering of magnetotelluric data","volume":"65","author":"Trad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2013.02.006","article-title":"Polarisation analysis of magnetotelluric time series using a wavelet-based scheme: A method for detection and characterisation of cultural noise sources","volume":"218","author":"Escalas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Liu, H.W. (2010). A Study on Feature Selection Algorithms Using Information Entropy. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-021-01399-z","article-title":"Separation of magnetotelluric signals based on refined composite multiscale dispersion entropy and orthogonal matching pursuit","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106446","article-title":"A new dispersion entropy and fuzzy logic system methodology for automated classification of dementia stages using electroencephalograms","volume":"201","author":"Mammone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"67","article-title":"A survey of state space reconstruction of chaotic time series analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14328-7","article-title":"Pattern generation and symbolic dynamics in a nanocontact vortex oscillator","volume":"11","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033139","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0018728","article-title":"Non-orbital characterizations of strange attractors: Effective intervals and multifractality measures","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"220","article-title":"Selection of proper time-delay in phase space reconstruction of speech signals","volume":"15","author":"Jiayu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90031-X","article-title":"Extracting qualitative dynamics from experimental data","volume":"20","author":"Broomhead","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Sect. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.33.1134","article-title":"Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information","volume":"33","author":"Fraser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.3403","article-title":"Determining embedding dimension for phase-space reconstruction using a geometrical construction","volume":"45","author":"Kennel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0091924","article-title":"Detecting strange attractors in turbulence, dynamical systems and turbulence","volume":"898","author":"Takens","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Math."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1137\/0515056","article-title":"Decomposition of hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape","volume":"15","author":"Grossmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"SIAM J. Math. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Wei, D. (1998). Coiflet-Type Wavelets: Theory, Design and Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.12.011","article-title":"De-noising of magnetotelluric signals by polarization analysis in the discrete wavelet domain","volume":"100","author":"Carbonari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03643-5","article-title":"An improved privacy-preserving data mining technique using singular value decomposition with three-dimensional rotation data perturbation","volume":"77","author":"Kousika","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2452","article-title":"Two practical methods of phase space reconstruction","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.914731","article-title":"An introduction to compressive sampling","volume":"25","author":"Wakin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Signal. Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2019-0796.1","article-title":"Dictionary learning and shift-invariant sparse coding de-noising for CSEM data combined with CEEMD","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophysics"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:39:47Z","timestamp":1760168387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13234932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13234932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]}}}