{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:22:24Z","timestamp":1783657344584,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mixed forests make up the majority of natural forests, and they are conducive to improving the resilience and resistance of forest ecosystems. Moreover, it is in the crown of the trees where the effect of inter- and intra-specific interaction between them is evident. However, our knowledge of changes in crown morphology caused by density, competition, and mixture of specific species is still limited. Here, we provide insight on stand structural complexity based on the study of four response crown variables (Maximum Crown Width Height, MCWH; Crown Base Height, CBH; Crown Volume, CV; and Crown Projection Area, CPA) derived from multiple terrestrial laser scans. Data were obtained from six permanent plots in Northern Spain comprising of two widespread species across Europe; Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). A total of 193 pines and 256 oaks were extracted from the point cloud. Correlation test were conducted (\u03c1 \u2265 0.9) and finally eleven independent variables for each target tree were calculated and categorized into size, density, competition and mixture, which was included as a continuous variable. Linear and non-linear multiple regressions were used to fit models to the four crown variables and the best models were selected according to the lowest AIC Index and biological sense. Our results provide evidence for species plasticity to diverse neighborhoods and show complementarity between pines and oaks in mixtures, where pines have higher MCWH and CBH than oaks but lower CV and CPA, contrary to oaks. The species complementarity in crown variables confirm that mixtures can be used to increase above ground structural diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T02:48:13Z","timestamp":1638845293000},"page":"4955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Quantifying Crown Morphology of Mixed Pine-Oak Forests Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Uzquiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal Sostenible\u2014iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid\u2014INIA, Avda. Madrid s\/n, 34004 Palencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Produccion Vegetal y Recursos Forestales, Campus de Palencia\u2014Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Barbeito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal Sostenible\u2014iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid\u2014INIA, Avda. Madrid s\/n, 34004 Palencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa, Campus de Palencia\u2014Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ehbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Faculty of Forest Science, University of G\u00f6ttingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 1, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Spatial Structures and Digitization of Forests, Faculty of Forest Science, University of G\u00f6ttingen, B\u00fcsgenweg 1, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal Sostenible\u2014iuFOR, Universidad de Valladolid\u2014INIA, Avda. Madrid s\/n, 34004 Palencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Produccion Vegetal y Recursos Forestales, Campus de Palencia\u2014Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauhus, J., Forrester, D.I., and Pretzsch, H. (2017). Mixed-species forests: The development of a forest management paradigm. Mixed-Species Forests: Ecology and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54553-9_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo, F., Ariza, A.M., Dugarsuren, N., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C. (2021). Disentangling the Relationship between Tree Biomass Yield and Tree Diversity in Mediterranean Mixed Forests. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0339.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretzsch, H., Forrester, D.I., and Bauhus, J. (2017). Stand Dynamics of Mixed-Species Stands Compared with Monocultures. Mixed-Species Forests: Ecology and Management, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54553-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.117908","article-title":"Species mixing reduces drought susceptibility of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.)\u2014Site water supply and fertility modify the mixing effect","volume":"461","author":"Steckel","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15263","article-title":"Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate","volume":"221","author":"Ammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02864","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2864","article-title":"High rates of primary production in structurally complex forests","volume":"100","author":"Gough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2014233-06256","article-title":"European Mixed Forests: Definition and research perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretzsch, H., Forrester, D.I., and Bauhus, J. (2017). Modelling Mixed-Species Forest Stands. Mixed-Species Forests: Ecology and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54553-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-013-0854-4","article-title":"Structural crown properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in mixed versus pure stands revealed by terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"27","author":"Bayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-016-0031-2","article-title":"A Review of Processes Behind Diversity\u2014Productivity Relationships in Forests","volume":"2","author":"Forrester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Crowther, T.W., Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, E.-D., McGuire, A.D., Bozzato, F., and Pretzsch, H. (2016). Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science, 354.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8957"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2014233-06112","article-title":"Size-structure dynamics of mixed versus pure forest stands","volume":"23","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"381","article-title":"Mixing effects on growth efficiency in mixed pine forests","volume":"90","author":"Bravo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.04.027","article-title":"Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures","volume":"327","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.08.014","article-title":"Crown modeling by terrestrial laser scanning as an approach to assess the effect of aboveground intra- and interspecific competition on tree growth","volume":"310","author":"Metz","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretzsch, H. (2009). Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88307-4"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luoma, V., Saarinen, N., Kankare, V., Tanhuanp\u00e4\u00e4, T., Kaartinen, H., Kukko, A., Holopainen, M., Hyypp\u00e4, J., and Vastaranta, M. (2019). Examining changes in stem taper and volume growth with two-date 3D point clouds. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10050382"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1265690","article-title":"Measurement and calculation of crown projection area and crown volume of individual trees based on 3D laser-scanned point-cloud data","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.09.043","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning reveals differences in crown structure of Fagus sylvatica in mixed vs. pure European forests","volume":"405","author":"Barbeito","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-017-1094-8","article-title":"Analysis of tree interactions in a mixed Mediterranean pine stand using competition indices","volume":"137","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretzsch, H. (2019). The Effect of Tree Crown Allometry on Community Dynamics in Mixed-Species Stands versus Monocultures. A Review and Perspectives for Modeling and Silvicultural Regulation. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10090810"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170048","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0048","article-title":"Weighing trees with lasers: Advances, challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Disney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.08.034","article-title":"Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: Its definition and measurement","volume":"218","author":"McElhinny","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rts016","article-title":"Canopy gap size influences niche partitioning of the ground-layer plant community in a northern temperate forest","volume":"6","author":"Kern","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.05.013","article-title":"3D-laser scanning: A non-destructive method for studying above- ground biomass and growth of juvenile trees","volume":"151","author":"Seidel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118471","article-title":"Inter-specific competition of tree congeners induces changes in crown architecture in Mediterranean pine mixtures","volume":"476","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.04.012","article-title":"Quantifying stand structural complexity and its relationship with forest management, tree species diversity and microclimate","volume":"242","author":"Ehbrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12803","article-title":"Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecific Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe","volume":"106","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2017-0262","article-title":"Competition improves quality-related external stem characteristics of Fagus sylvatica","volume":"47","author":"Ammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.118975","article-title":"How drought stress becomes visible upon detecting tree shape using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)","volume":"489","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"75","article-title":"Effect of tree species mixing on stand structural complexity","volume":"93","author":"Juchheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Int. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.03.008","article-title":"Crown plasticity in mixed forests-Quantifying asymmetry as a measure of competition using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"261","author":"Seidel","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiskittel, A.R., Hann, D.W., Kershaw, J.A.J., and Vanclay, J.K. (2011). Forest Growth and Yield Modeling, John Wiley & Sons. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119998518"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Montero, G., del R\u00edo, M., Roig, S., and Rojo, A. (2008). Selvicultura de Pinus sylvestris L. Compendio de Selvicultura Aplicada en Espa\u00f1a, MMA-INIA."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Aldea Mallo, J. (2018). Tree Growth Dynamic and Thinning response in Mediterranean Pine-Oak Forest Stands. [PhD Thesis, Universidad de Valladolid]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretzsch, H., Forrester, D.I., and Bauhus, J. (2017). From Observations to Evidence About Effects of Mixed-Species Stands. Mixed-Species Forests: Ecology and Management, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54553-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12727","article-title":"Species interactions increase the temporal stability of community productivity in Pinus sylvestris\u2013Fagus sylvatica mixtures across Europe","volume":"105","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-017-0660-z","article-title":"EuMIXFOR empirical forest mensuration and ring width data from pure and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) through Europe","volume":"74","author":"Heym","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2019-0121","article-title":"Analysis of stand density effects on the stem form of Norway spruce trees and volume miscalculation by traditional form factor equations using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)","volume":"50","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Del R\u00edo, M., and Sterba, H. (2009). Comparing volume growth in pure and mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica. Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-019-01233-y","article-title":"Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe","volume":"139","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stimm, K., Heym, M., Uhl, E., Tretter, S., and Pretzsch, H. (2021). Height growth-related competitiveness of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) under climate change in Central Europe. Is silvicultural assistance still required in mixed-species stands?. For. Ecol. Manag., 482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118780"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2307\/1382077","article-title":"Food habits of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain","volume":"73","author":"Clevenger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Serrada, R., Montero, G., and Reque, J.A. (2008). Selvicultura de Quercus petraea L.  y Quercus robur L. Compendio de Selvicultura Aplicada en Espa\u00f1a, MMA-INIA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2192\/URSU-D-29-1.1","article-title":"Characterization of a brown bear aggregation during the hyperphagia period in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain","volume":"29","author":"Bombieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ursus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.08.021","article-title":"Coupling transversal and longitudinal models to better predict Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris stand growth under climate change","volume":"263","author":"Vallet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.1106","article-title":"Conifer crown profile models from terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"49","author":"Ferrarese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/f6041274","article-title":"Non Destructive Method for Biomass Prediction Combining TLS Derived Tree Volume and Wood Density","volume":"6","author":"Hackenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hahsler, M., Piekenbrock, M., and Doran, D. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package dbscan. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/dbscan\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hadley, W., Romain, F., Lionel, H., and Kirill, M. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package dplyr. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/dplyr\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Dowle, M., and Srinivasan, A. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Data Table. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/data.table\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package lme4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lme4\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Robinson, D., Hayes, A., and Couch, S. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Broom. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/broom\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package ggplot2. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggplot2\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Psych. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/psych\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Grosjean, P., and Ibanez, F. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Pastecs. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/pastecs\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Car. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/car\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Auguie, B. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package gridExtra. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/gridExtra\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Grothendieck, G. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package nls2. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/nls2\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, K., and Wickham, H. (2021, December 03). CRAN\u2014Package Tibble. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tibble\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","article-title":"A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Fries, J. (1974). A simulation model for managing jack-pine stands. Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation: Proceedings of Meetings in 1973. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Working Party S4.01, Skogsh\u00f6gskolan."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritter, T., and Nothdurft, A. (2018). Automatic assessment of crown projection area on single trees and stand-level, based on three-dimensional point clouds derived from terrestrial laser-scanning. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9050237"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.10.013","article-title":"Model selection in ecology and evolution","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2019-0236","article-title":"Tree species diversity and composition relationship to biomass, understory community, and crown architecture in intensively managed plantations of the coastal Pacific Northwest, USA","volume":"50","author":"Himes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12811","article-title":"Difference in shade tolerance drives the mixture effect on oak productivity","volume":"106","author":"Perot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.10.003","article-title":"The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: From pattern to process","volume":"312","author":"Forrester","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12428","article-title":"Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed-species forests","volume":"29","author":"Jucker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-016-0063","article-title":"Spatial complementarity in tree crowns explains overyielding in species mixtures","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tps039","article-title":"Life strategies in intra-annual dynamics of wood formation: Example of three conifer species in a temperate forest in north-east France","volume":"32","author":"Cuny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.03.012","article-title":"Contrasting growth and water use strategies in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species revealed by concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variations","volume":"207","author":"Poyatos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-008-0215-9","article-title":"Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with pure stands of Norway spruce and European beech in Central Europe: Evidence on stand level and explanation on individual tree level","volume":"128","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.043","article-title":"Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, And the effect increases with water availability","volume":"373","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01500.x","article-title":"Architectural differences associated with adult stature and wood density in 30 temperate tree species","volume":"23","author":"Aiba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.03.036","article-title":"Canopy space filling rather than conventional measures of structural diversity explains productivity of beech stands","volume":"395","author":"Juchheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01814.x","article-title":"Does shade improve light interception efficiency? A comparison among seedlings from shade-tolerant and -intolerant temperate deciduous tree species","volume":"172","author":"Delagrange","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.04.017","article-title":"Modeling patterns between drought and tree biomass growth from dendrochronological data: A multilevel approach","volume":"178\u2013179","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2017.03.018","article-title":"Crown plasticity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a strategy of adaptation to competition and environmental factors","volume":"356","author":"Pommerening","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:42:03Z","timestamp":1760168523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/23\/4955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13234955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13234955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]}}}