{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:26:03Z","timestamp":1774999563233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFC1501302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1501302"]}]},{"name":"the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41630643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630643"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)","award":["CUGCJ1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUGCJ1701"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSC202006410019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSC202006410019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The triggering threshold is one of the most important parameters for landslide early warning systems (EWSs) at the slope scale. In the present work, a velocity threshold is recommended for an early warning system of the Gapa landslide in Southwest China, which was reactivated by the impoundment of a large reservoir behind Jinping\u2019s first dam. Based on GNSS monitoring data over the last five years, the velocity threshold is defined by a novel method, which is implemented by the forward and reverse double moving average of time series. As the landslide deformation is strongly related to the fluctuations in reservoir water levels, a crucial water level is also defined to reduce false warnings from the velocity threshold alone. In recognition of the importance of geological evolution, the evolution process of the Gapa landslide from topping to sliding is described in this study to help to understand its behavior and predict its potential trends. Moreover, based on the improved Saito\u2019s three-stage deformation model, the warning level is set as \u201cattention level\u201d, because the current deformation stage of the landslide is considered to be between the initial and constant stages. At present, the early warning system mainly consists of six surface displacement monitoring sites and one water level observation site. If the daily recorded velocity in each monitoring site exceeds 4 mm\/d and, meanwhile, the water level is below 1820 m above sea level (asl), a warning of likely landslide deformation accelerations will be released by relevant monitoring sites. The thresholds are always discretely exceeded on about 3% of annual monitoring days, and they are most frequently exceeded in June (especially in mid-June). The thresholds provide an efficient and effective way for judging accelerations of this landslide and are verified by the current application. The work presented provides critical insights into the development of early warning systems for reservoir-induced large-scale landslides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13244977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T23:30:00Z","timestamp":1639006200000},"page":"4977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Threshold Definition for Monitoring Gapa Landslide under Large Variations in Reservoir Level Using GNSS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Zhitian","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Gui, L., Wang, W., Du, J., Ma, F., and Yin, K. 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