{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T03:55:56Z","timestamp":1778298956309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11771450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11771450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61803018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61803018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The TH-2 satellite system, including the TH-2A and TH-2B, is the first distributed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) satellite system in China. During the in-orbit operation, the TH-2A satellite should perform three maneuvers per day to keep the formation flying geometry. We estimate those maneuvers in the precise orbit determination (POD) by the GPS and BDS2 measurements on board, respectively. The residuals of the POD show that the effects caused by orbital maneuvers can be well eliminated for both the GPS and BDS2 data. The precision of the BDS2-based POD is better than 8.0 cm in the three-dimensional direction (3D) compared with the orbit derived from the GPS observations. Such a precision level of the satellite orbit satisfies the InSAR mission requirement of the TH-2. In addition, the relative error of velocity changes is employed to evaluate the maneuver estimations by the POD using the regional navigation system of BDS2. The results show that the relative error of velocity changes between the GPS- and BDS2-based POD is less than 7.0%, which indicates that the maneuver performance extracted from the regional BDS2 data is as good as that extracted from the global GPS data. In the GNSS fused processing, we found that the independent receiver clock offsets should be taken into account, since the time tag corrections for the GPS and BDS2 observations collected on the TH-2 spaceborne receivers were different. The precision of the GPS and BDS2 (GC) combined single point positioning (SPP) can be improved by 12\u201314% compared with the GPS-only solution when the position dilution of precision (PDOP) of GPS exceeds three. The overlap comparisons of the GC combined orbits show that the internal orbit precision of the TH-2 satellites is better than 0.7 cm. However, the improvement of the GC combined POD result is only 3\u20134% with respect to the GPS-only solution, which is limited to the precision of the precise orbit and clock products of BDS2 at the present stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"5002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Precise Orbit Determination and Maneuver Assessment for TH-2 Satellites Using Spaceborne GPS and BDS2 Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Houzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Research Center for Gravitational Waves of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Flight Dynamics, Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Research Center for Gravitational Waves of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"LM-4B sends Tianhui 2 satellite into orbit","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp. 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