{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:36:55Z","timestamp":1760236615892,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000128370\/19\/NL\/AS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000128370\/19\/NL\/AS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, technology advancement has led to an enormous increase in the amount of satellite data. The availability of huge datasets of remote sensing measurements to be processed, and the increasing need for near-real-time data analysis for operational uses, has fostered the development of fast, efficient-retrieval algorithms. Deep learning techniques were recently applied to satellite data for retrievals of target quantities. Forward models (FM) are a fundamental part of retrieval code development and mission design, as well. Despite this, the application of deep learning techniques to radiative transfer simulations is still underexplored. The DeepLIM project, described in this work, aimed at testing the feasibility of the application of deep learning techniques at the design of the retrieval chain of an upcoming satellite mission. The Land Surface Temperature Mission (LSTM) is a candidate for Sentinel 9 and has, as the main target, the need, for the agricultural community, to improve sustainable productivity. To do this, the mission will carry a thermal infrared sensor to retrieve land-surface temperature and evapotranspiration rate. The LSTM land-surface temperature retrieval chain is used as a benchmark to test the deep learning performances when applied to Earth observation studies. Starting from aircraft campaign data and state-of-the-art FM simulations with the DART model, deep learning techniques are used to generate new spectral features. Their statistical behavior is compared to the original technique to test the generation performances. Then, the high spectral resolution simulations are convolved with LSTM spectral response functions to obtain the radiance in the LSTM spectral channels. Simulated observations are analyzed using two state-of-the-art retrieval codes and deep learning-based algorithms. The performances of deep learning algorithms show promising results for both the production of simulated spectra and target parameters retrievals, one of the main advances being the reduction in computational costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"5003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep Learning Application to Surface Properties Retrieval Using TIR Measurements: A Fast Forward\/Reverse Scheme to Deal with Big Data Analysis from New Satellite Generations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Castelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Papandrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Roma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bloise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIKO SRL, Via dei Mille 22, 10123 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Varile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIKO SRL, Via dei Mille 22, 10123 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Tabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Pla\u00e7a Eusebi G\u00fcell 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Gastellu-Etchegorry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cesbio: UT3, CNES, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Toulouse University, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Feruglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIKO SRL, Via dei Mille 22, 10123 Torino, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Eyre, J.R. 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