{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:12:56Z","timestamp":1776334376923,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data collected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\u2019s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) sensors have been archived and processed by the Earth Observation Group (EOG) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to make global maps of nighttime images since 1994. Over the years, the EOG has developed automatic algorithms to make Stable Lights composites from the OLS visible band data by removing the transient lights from fires and fishing boats. The ephemeral lights are removed based on their high brightness and short duration. However, the six original satellites collecting DMSP data gradually shifted from day\/night orbit to dawn\/dusk orbit, which is to an earlier overpass time. At the beginning of 2014, the F18 satellite was no longer collecting usable nighttime data, and the focus had shifted to processing global nighttime images from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day\/Night Band (DNB) data. Nevertheless, it was soon discovered that the F15 and F16 satellites had started collecting pre-dawn nighttime data from 2012 onwards. Therefore, the established algorithms of the previous years were extended to process OLS data from 2013 onwards. Moreover, the existence of nighttime data from three overpass times for the year 2013\u2013DMSP satellites F18 and F15 from early evening and pre-dawn, respectively, and the VIIRS from after midnight, made it possible to intercalibrate the images of three different overpass times and study the diurnal pattern of nighttime lights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"5004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Extending the DMSP Nighttime Lights Time Series beyond 2013"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9372-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilottama","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]},{"given":"Kimberly E.","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"},{"name":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Elvidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Zhizhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"},{"name":"Russian Space Research Institute, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Poyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 117303 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"NRC \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, 123182 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8383-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luqman, M., Rayner, P.J., and Gurney, K.R. (2019). Combining Measurements of Built-up Area, Nighttime Light, and Travel Time Distance for Detecting Changes in Urban Boundaries: Introducing the BUNTUS Algorithm. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242969"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103709","article-title":"Urban Mapping Needs Up-to-date Approaches to Provide Diverse Perspectives of Current Urbanization: A Novel Attempt to Map Urban Areas with Nighttime Light Data","volume":"195","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4988","article-title":"Using Nighttime Satellite Imagery as a Proxy Measure of Human Well-Being","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proville, J., Zavala-Araiza, D., and Wagner, G. (2017). Night-Time Lights: A Global, Long Term Look at Links to Socio-Economic Trends. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174610"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, R., Yang, D., Dong, J., Zhang, L., and Xia, F. (2018). Regional Inequality in China Based on NPP-VIIRS Night-Time Light Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020240"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan, K., Holob\u00e2c\u0103, I.-H., Benedek, J., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, I. (2019). Potential of Night-Time Lights to Measure Regional Inequality. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010033"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal, A., Sahu, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Mukherjee, A., and Bhanja, S.N. (2020). Using Night Time Lights to Find Regional Inequality in India and Its Relationship with Economic Development. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241907"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2020.102602","article-title":"Which Night Lights Data Should We Use in Economics, and Where?","volume":"149","author":"Gibson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0250-z","article-title":"Population Centroids of the World Administrative Units from Nighttime Lights 1992\u20132013","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.11.004","article-title":"Can Satellite-Based Night Lights Be Used for Conservation? The Case of Nesting Sea Turtles in the Mediterranean","volume":"159","author":"Mazor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Ghosh, T., Hsu, F.-C., Zhizhin, M., and Bazilian, M. (2020). The Dimming of Lights in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193194"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, T., Elvidge, C.D., Hsu, F.-C., Zhizhin, M., and Bazilian, M. (2020). The Dimming of Lights in India during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193194"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, S., Jendryke, M., Li, D., and Wu, C. (2018). Night-Time Light Dynamics during the Iraqi Civil War. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060858"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102115","article-title":"Observing Community Resilience from Space: Using Nighttime Lights to Model Economic Disturbance and Recovery Pattern in Natural Disaster","volume":"57","author":"Qiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geronimo, R.C., Franklin, E.C., Brainard, R.E., Elvidge, C.D., Santos, M.D., Venegas, R., and Mora, C. (2018). Mapping Fishing Activities and Suitable Fishing Grounds Using Nighttime Satellite Images and Maximum Entropy Modelling. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101604"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, B. (2021, December 07). Fishing under the Radar: Illuminating the Compliance Gap of Fishing Bans. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3871993.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3871993"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C., Zhizhin, M., Baugh, K., Hsu, F.-C., and Ghosh, T. (2015). Methods for Global Survey of Natural Gas Flaring from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Data. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9010014"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baugh, K., Elvidge, C.D., Ghosh, T., and Ziskin, D. (2010, January 9\u201313). Development of a 2009 Stable Lights Product Using DMSP-OLS Data. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 30, Hanoi, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.7125\/APAN.30.17"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1342050","article-title":"VIIRS Night-Time Lights","volume":"38","author":"Elvidge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"62","article-title":"Why VIIRS Data Are Superior to DMSP for Mapping Nighttime Lights","volume":"35","author":"Elvidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Asia Pac. Adv. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Kirillov, A., Massa, F., Lo, W.-Y., and Girshick, R. (2019). Detectron2 Is FAIR\u2019s Next-Generation Platform for Object Detection, Segmentation and Other Visual Recognition Tasks, Github. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/facebookresearch\/detectron2."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., and Malik, J. (2014, January 23\u201328). Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nechaev, D., Zhizhin, M., Hsu, F.C., Poyda, A., Ghosh, T., and Elvidge, C.D. (2021). Cross-Sensor Nighttime Lights Image Calibration for DMSP\/OLS and SNPP\/VIIRS with Residual U-Net. Remote Sens., accepted.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245026"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T. (2015, January 5\u20139). U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2014MICCAI 2015, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"DeYoung, J.A., and Janiczek, P.M. (1987). Computer Programs for Sun and Moon Illuminance with Contingent Tables and Diagrams, Naval Observatory."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, October 29). National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS), Available online: https:\/\/www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov\/pmb\/products\/gfs\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Bright, E.A., Rose, A.N., Urban, M.L., and McKee, J. (2018). LandScan 2017 High-Resolution Global Population Data Set, Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2021, October 29). Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Geolocation Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), Available online: https:\/\/www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov\/jpss\/documents\/ATBD\/D0001-M01-S01-004_JPSS_ATBD_VIIRS-Geolocation_A.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:44:11Z","timestamp":1760168651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13245004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13245004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]}}}