{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:32Z","timestamp":1772252852897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation Grant","award":["17-77-20005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-77-20005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The term deviation frequency (fd) denotes the boundary between the variable part of the amplitude and phase scintillation spectrum and the part of uninformative noises. We suggested the concept of the \u201ccharacteristic deviation frequency\u201d during the observation period. The characteristic deviation frequency is defined as the most probable value of the deviation frequency under current local conditions. Our case study involved GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and SBAS data under quiet and weakly disturbed geomagnetic conditions (geomagnetic storm on 16 April 2021, Kpmax = 5, SYM-Hmin = \u221257 nT) at the mid-latitude GNSS station. Our results demonstrated that the deviation frequency for all signal components of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo varies within 15\u201322 Hz. The characteristic deviation frequency was 20 Hz for the mentioned GNSS signals. The SBAS differs from other systems: deviation frequency varies within 13\u201320 Hz. The characteristic deviation frequency is lower and equal to 18 Hz. We suggest the characteristic deviation frequency to determine the optimal sampling rate of the GNSS carrier phase data for the ionospheric studies. In turn, the deviation frequency can be considered as a promising index to estimate the boundary of non-variability of the ionosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1639124278000},"page":"5017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Estimation of Deviation Frequency within the Spectrum of Scintillations of the Carrier Phase of GNSS Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav","family":"Demyanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Danilchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Yasyukevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCiESMEX, LANCE, Instituto de Geofisica, Unidad Michoacan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Morelia 58089, Mexico"},{"name":"CONACYT, Instituto de Geofisica, Unidad Michoacan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Morelia 58089, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European GNSS Agency (2020). 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