{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:36:55Z","timestamp":1784637415275,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Future Scientists Program of China University of Mining and Technology","award":["2020WLKXJ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020WLKXJ050"]}]},{"name":"The Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX20_2032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX20_2032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Open-pit coal mining plays an important role in supporting national economic development; however, it has caused ecological problems and even seriously impacted regional ecological stability. Given the importance of maintaining ecological stability in semi-arid coal mining areas, this study used a coupling coordination degree approach based on the structural and functional state transition model (SFSTM) to evaluate the spatio\u2013temporal variation of ecological stability from 2002 to 2017 by using MODIS and Landsat datasets in the semi-arid open-pit coal mining area. Besides, random points were created for different ecological stability levels (containing natural areas, coal mining areas, and reclamation areas) and segment linear regression was conducted to determine the structural change threshold for negative state transitions based on mining and positive state transitions based on reclamation. Furthermore, the impact factors of ecological stability were analyzed. Results showed that ecological stability fluctuated significantly over 16 years, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. It was found that precipitation and temperature were the key natural factors affecting ecological stability, and mining activities constituted the dominant factor. The average perturbation distances to ecological stability from mining activities in the west, southwest, and east mining groups were 7500, 5500, and 8000 m, respectively. SFSTM is appliable to the coal mining ecosystem. Quantitative models of ecological stability response can help resolve ambiguity about management efficacy and the ecological stability results facilitate iterative updating of knowledge by using monitoring data from coal mining areas. Moreover, the proposed ecological structural threshold provides a useful early warning tool, which can aid in the reduction of ecosystem uncertainty and avoid reverse transformations of the positive state in the coal mining areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"5040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of Ecological Stability in Semi-Arid Open-Pit Coal Mining Area Based on Structure and Function Coupling during 2002\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Policy & Management (School of Emergency Management), China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaogang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Coal Mining Subsided Land and Goaf Treatment of Shandong, Jining 272100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1420-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3588-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuangang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Coal Mining Subsided Land and Goaf Treatment of Shandong, Jining 272100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.01.025","article-title":"Reclamation promotes the succession of the soil and vegetation in opencast coal mine: A case study from Robinia pseudoacacia reclaimed forests, Pingshuo mine, China","volume":"165","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.05.014","article-title":"Linking ecosystem resistance, resilience, and stability in steppes of North Patagonia","volume":"24","author":"Brizuela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. 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