{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:10:16Z","timestamp":1768259416523,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNH16AC37I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH16AC37I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Jupiter\u2019s moon Europa harbors one of the most likely environments for extant extraterrestrial life. Determining whether Europa is truly habitable requires understanding the structure and thickness of its ice shell, including the existence of perched water or brines. Stereo-derived topography from images acquired by NASA Galileo\u2019s Solid State Imager (SSI) of Europa are often used as a constraint on ice shell structure and heat flow, but the uncertainty in such topography has, to date, not been rigorously assessed. To evaluate the current uncertainty in Europa\u2019s topography we generated and compared digital terrain models (DTMs) of Europa from SSI images using both the open-source Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) software and the commercial SOCET SET\u00ae software. After first describing the criteria for assessing stereo quality in detail, we qualitatively and quantitatively describe both the horizontal resolution and vertical precision of the DTMs. We find that the horizontal resolution of the SOCET SET\u00ae DTMs is typically 8\u201311\u00d7 the root mean square (RMS) pixel scale of the images, whereas the resolution of the ASP DTMs is 9\u201313\u00d7 the maximum pixel scale of the images. We calculate the RMS difference between the ASP and SOCET SET\u00ae DTMs as a proxy for the expected vertical precision (EP), which is a function of the matching accuracy and stereo geometry. We consistently find that the matching accuracy is ~0.5 pixels, which is larger than well-established \u201crules of thumb\u201d that state that the matching accuracy is 0.2\u20130.3 pixels. The true EP is therefore ~1.7\u00d7 larger than might otherwise be assumed. In most cases, DTM errors are approximately normally distributed, and errors that are several times the derived EP occur as expected. However, in two DTMs, larger errors (differences) occur and correlate with real topography. These differences primarily result from manual editing of the SOCET SET\u00ae DTMs. The product of the DTM error and the resolution is typically 4\u20138 pixel2 if calculated using the RMS image scale for SOCET SET\u00ae DTMs and the maximum images scale for the ASP DTMs, which is consistent with recent work using martian data sets and suggests that the relationship applies more broadly. We evaluate how ASP parameters affect DTM quality and find that using a smaller subpixel refinement kernel results in DTMs with smaller (better) resolution but, in some cases, larger gaps, which are sometimes reduced by increasing the size of the correlation kernel. We conclude that users of ASP should always systematically evaluate the choice of parameters for a given dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1639604856000},"page":"5097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["How Well Do We Know Europa\u2019s Topography? An Evaluation of the Variability in Digital Terrain Models of Europa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Bland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0842-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randolph L.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Galuszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8351-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sagen Center at the SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Fergason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Interior of Europa. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10608","article-title":"Active formation of \u2018Chaos Terrain\u2019 over shallow subsurface water on Europa","volume":"479","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.11.021","article-title":"Flanking fractures and formation of double ridges on Europa","volume":"223","author":"Dombard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/417419a","article-title":"Thickness constraints on the icy shells of the Galilean satellites from a comparison of crater shapes","volume":"417","author":"Schenk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062492","article-title":"Thickness of a Europan ice shell from impact crater simulations","volume":"294","author":"Turtle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016660","article-title":"Estimates of Europa\u2019s ice shell thickness from elastically-supported topography","volume":"30","author":"Nimmo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2005.06.019","article-title":"Flexure of Europa\u2019s lithosphere due to ridge loading","volume":"177","author":"Hurford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2007.04.021","article-title":"The global shape of Europa: Constraints on lateral shell thickness variations","volume":"191","author":"Nimmo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06911","article-title":"True polar wander on Europa from global-scale small-circle depressions","volume":"453","author":"Schenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1526","article-title":"New crop circles found on Europa [but not Ganymede]! True polar wander conspiracy confirmed!","volume":"46","author":"Schenk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2005.08.009","article-title":"Normal faulting on Europa: Implications for ice shell properties","volume":"28","author":"Nimmo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geo."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2003.08.002","article-title":"On the origins of bands topography, Europa","volume":"166","author":"Nimmo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1960","article-title":"Topographic profile analysis and morphologic characterization of Europa\u2019s double ridges","volume":"40","author":"Coulter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Morphology and evolution of Europa\u2019s ridges and bands. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16703","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019978","article-title":"Topographic variations in chaos on Europa: Implications for diapiric formation","volume":"31","author":"Schenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2005.08.003","article-title":"Origins and evolution of Castalia Macula, an anomalous young depression on Europa","volume":"177","author":"Prockter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114465","article-title":"Pits, uplifts and small chaos features on Europa: Morphologic and morphometric evidence for intrusive upwelling and lower limits on ice shell thickness","volume":"364","author":"Singer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1626","article-title":"The Europa Imaging System (EIS): High-resolution imaging and topography to investigate Europa\u2019s geology, ice shell, and potential for current activity","volume":"47","author":"Turtle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.11.028","article-title":"Assessing the potential for measuring Europa\u2019s tidal love number h2 using radar sounder and topographic imager data","volume":"482","author":"Steinbrugge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA001935","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001935","article-title":"Improving the usability of Galileo and Voyager images of Jupiter\u2019s moon, Europa","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2007.07.006","article-title":"Evaluating planetary digital terrain models: The HRSC DTM test","volume":"55","author":"Heipke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2715","article-title":"LROC DTM comparison Effort","volume":"42","author":"Beyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, R.L., Mayer, D., Redding, B., Galuszka, D., Fergason, R.L., Hare, T.M., and Gwinner, K. (2021). Evaluating stereo digital terrain model quality at Mars rover landing sites with HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173511"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8088","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002131","article-title":"High-resolution topomapping of candidate MER landing sites with Mars Orbiter Camera narrow-angle images","volume":"108","author":"Kirk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2703","article-title":"Criteria for automated identification of stereo image pairs","volume":"46","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15204","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039062","article-title":"Slope characteristics of Europa: Constraints for landers and radar sounding","volume":"36","author":"Schenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-4-103-2016","article-title":"The effects of illumination on stereo DTM quality: Simulations in support of Europa exploration","volume":"3","author":"Kirk","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-0633(96)00061-X","article-title":"Clementine imagery: Selenographic coverage for cartographic and scientific use","volume":"44","author":"Cook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JE900012","article-title":"Digital photogrammetric analysis of the IMP Camera Images: Mapping the Mars Pathfinder landing site in three dimensions","volume":"104","author":"Kirk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W1-69-2017","article-title":"Community tools for cartographic and photogrammetric processing of Mars Express HRSC images","volume":"42","author":"Kirk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2184","article-title":"Community tools for cartographic and photogrammetric processing of Mars Express HRSC images","volume":"49","author":"Kirk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00A24","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JE003000","article-title":"Ultrahigh resolution topographic mapping of Mars with MRO HiRISE stereo images: Meter-scale slopes of candidate Phoenix landing sites","volume":"113","author":"Kirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"735","article-title":"A novel technique for precision geometric correction of jitter distortion for the Europa Imaging System and other rolling-shutter cameras","volume":"42","author":"Kirk","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zhang, B. (2006, January 26\u201327). Toward a higher level of automation in softcopy photogrammetry: NGATE and LIDAR processing in SOCET SET\u00ae. Proceedings of the GeoCue Corporation 2nd Annual Technical Exchange Conference, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"27","article-title":"Adaptive Automatic Terrain Extraction","volume":"3072","author":"McKeown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Integrating Photogrammetric Techniques with Scene Analysis and Machine Vision III"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2361","article-title":"A bayesian formulation for sub-pixel refinement in stereo orbital imagery","volume":"16","author":"Nefian","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process. (ICIP)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyer, R.A., Alexandrov, O., and McMichael, S. (2018). The Ames Stereo Pipeline: NASA\u2019s open source software for deriving and processing terrain data. Earth Space Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EA000409"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2571","article-title":"Stereo imaging, crater relaxation, and thermal histories of rhea and dione","volume":"43","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Phillips, C.B., El Henson, E., and Nimmo, F. (, January December). Stereo topography of surface features on Europa and comparisons with formation models. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Schenk, P.M. (, January December). \u201cAh\u2026 not so flat as we were led to believe\u201d: Global and regional topography characteristics of Europa. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1998.5967","article-title":"The Local topography of Uruk Sulcus and Galileo Regio obtained from stereo images","volume":"135","author":"Giese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(95)00107-7","article-title":"Ancillary data services of NASA\u2019s Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility","volume":"44","author":"Acton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"256","article-title":"Further developments of Leica digital photogrammetric systems by Helava","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"ACSM\/ASPRS Annu. Conv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005177","article-title":"Effects of lava heating on volatile-rich slopes on Io","volume":"122","author":"Dundas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2739","article-title":"The USGS Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS 3) instrument support, new capabilities, and releases","volume":"48","author":"Sides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lunar Planet Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2419","article-title":"The Ames Stereo Pipeline: Automated 3D surface reconstruction from orbital imagery","volume":"39","author":"Broxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2489","article-title":"Automated digital elevation Model generation from orbital imagery","volume":"39","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2364","article-title":"Ames Stereo Pipeline, NASA\u2019s open source automated stereogrammetry software","volume":"41","author":"Moratto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2892","article-title":"Automated and accurate: Making DTMs from LRO-NAC using the Ames Stereo Pipeline","volume":"45","author":"Moratto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2491","article-title":"LRO-NAC mass DTM pipeline","volume":"46","author":"McMichael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Adoram-Kerschner, L.A., Wheeler, B.H., Laura, J.R., Fergason, R.L., and Mayer, D.P. (2021, November 05). Automated Kaguya TC and MRO CTX Stereo DEM Generation. 5th Planetary Data Workshop and PSIDA (LPI Contrib. 2549). Available online: https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021LPICo2549.7021A\/abstract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beddingfield, C.B., Burr, D.M., and Emery, J.P. (2015). Shallow normal fault slopes on Saturnian icy satellites. J. Geophys. Res., 120.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JE004852"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.09.048","article-title":"Fault geometries on Uranus\u2019 satellite Miranda: Implications for internal structure and heat flow","volume":"247","author":"Beddingfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.10.001","article-title":"Ames Stereo Pipeline-derived digital terrain models of Mercury from MESSENGER stereo imaging","volume":"134","author":"Fassett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"511","article-title":"Comparison and co-registration of DEMs generated from HiRISE and CTX images","volume":"XLI-B4","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"7069","article-title":"Comparison of digital terrain models derived using different techniques","volume":"2","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2015","journal-title":"2nd Planet. Data Workshop"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2902","article-title":"Aligning terrain model and laser altimeter point clouds with the Ames Stereo Pipeline","volume":"45","author":"Beyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.11918","article-title":"Hill shading and the reflectance map","volume":"69","author":"Horn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32777","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001429","article-title":"The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective","volume":"106","author":"Shepard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-012-9925-x","article-title":"Meter-scale slopes of candidate MSL landing sites from point photoclinometry","volume":"170","author":"Beyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2020.113669","article-title":"The surface roughness of Europa derived from Galileo stereo images","volume":"343","author":"Steinbrugge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Europa\u2019s impact craters. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Chaotic terrain on Europa. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Leonard, E.J., Patthoff, D.A., Senske, D.A., and Collins, G.C. (2018, January 12\u201314). The Europa global geologic map. Proceedings of the Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting, Knoxville, TN, USA. LPI Contribution No. 2066, id. 7008."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24015","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JE000628","article-title":"Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geologic evidence","volume":"104","author":"Pappalardo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6187","article-title":"Chaos on Europa","volume":"141","author":"Greenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001143","article-title":"Evaluation of models for the formation of chaotic terrain on Europa","volume":"105","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Tectonics of Europa. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2003.09.016","article-title":"Resurfacing history of Europa from pole-to-pole geological mapping","volume":"167","author":"Figueredo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., and Khurana, K. (2009). Geologic stratigraphy and evolution of Europa\u2019s surface. Europa, The University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2013.12.010","article-title":"Multistage evolution and variable motion history of Agenor Linea, Europa","volume":"232","author":"Hoyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.012","article-title":"An automated, open-source pipeline for mass production of digital elevation models (DEMs) from very-high resolution commercial stereo satellite imagery","volume":"116","author":"Shean","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Mars 2020 terrain relative navigation flight product generation: Digital terrain model and orthorectified image mosaics","volume":"51","author":"Fergason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EA000399","article-title":"A new Enceladus global control network, image mosaic, and updated pointing kernels from Cassini\u2019s 13-year mission","volume":"5","author":"Bland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:48:45Z","timestamp":1760168925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13245097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13245097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]}}}