{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:36:40Z","timestamp":1774492600191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA20100309; XDA19070102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20100309; XDA19070102"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["91737205; 42071404; 41671355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91737205; 42071404; 41671355"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0103"]}]},{"name":"the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's Inter-national Fellowship Initiative","award":["2020VTA0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020VTA0001"]}]},{"name":"the MOST High Level Foreign Expert Program","award":["GL20200161002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GL20200161002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This project explored the integrated use of satellite, ground observations and hydrological distributed models to support water resources assessment and monitoring in High Mountain Asia (HMA). Hydrological data products were generated taking advantage of the synergies of European and Chinese data assets and space-borne observation systems. Energy-budget-based glacier mass balance and hydrological models driven by satellite observations were developed. These models can be applied to describe glacier-melt contribution to river flow. Satellite hydrological data products were used for forcing, calibration, validation and data assimilation in distributed river basin models. A pilot study was carried out on the Red River basin. Multiple hydrological data products were generated using the data collected by Chinese satellites. A new Evapo-Transpiration (ET) dataset from 2000 to 2018 was generated, including plant transpiration, soil evaporation, rainfall interception loss, snow\/ice sublimation and open water evaporation. Higher resolution data were used to characterize glaciers and their response to environmental forcing. These studies focused on the Parlung Zangbo Basin, where glacier facies were mapped with GaoFeng (GF), Sentinal-2\/Multi-Spectral Imager (S2\/MSI) and Landsat8\/Operational Land Imager (L8\/OLI) data. The geodetic mass balance was estimated between 2000 and 2017 with Zi-Yuan (ZY)-3 Stereo Images and the SRTM DEM. Surface velocity was studied with Landsat5\/Thematic Mapper (L5\/TM), L8\/OLI and S2\/MSI data over the period 2013\u20132019. An updated method was developed to improve the retrieval of glacier albedo by correcting glacier reflectance for anisotropy, and a new dataset on glacier albedo was generated for the period 2001\u20132020. A detailed glacier energy and mass balance model was developed with the support of field experiments at the Parlung No. 4 Glacier and the 24 K Glacier, both in the Tibetan Plateau. Besides meteorological measurements, the field experiments included glaciological and hydrological measurements. The energy balance model was formulated in terms of enthalpy for easier treatment of water phase transitions. The model was applied to assess the spatial variability in glacier melt. In the Parlung No. 4 Glacier, the accumulated glacier melt was between 1.5 and 2.5 m w.e. in the accumulation zone and between 4.5 and 6.0 m w.e. in the ablation zone, reaching 6.5 m w.e. at the terminus. The seasonality in the glacier mass balance was observed by combining intensive field campaigns with continuous automatic observations. The linkage of the glacier and snowpack mass balance with water resources in a river basin was analyzed in the Chiese (Italy) and Heihe (China) basins by developing and applying integrated hydrological models using satellite retrievals in multiple ways. The model FEST-WEB was calibrated using retrievals of Land Surface Temperature (LST) to map soil hydrological properties. A watershed model was developed by coupling ecohydrological and socioeconomic systems. Integrated modeling is supported by an updated and parallelized data assimilation system. The latter exploits retrievals of brightness temperature (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer, AMSR), LST (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS), precipitation (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and FengYun (FY)-2D) and in-situ measurements. In the case study on the Red River Basin, a new algorithm has been applied to disaggregate the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) soil moisture retrievals by making use of the correlation between evaporative fraction and soil moisture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T21:32:40Z","timestamp":1639690360000},"page":"5122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-Source Hydrological Data Products to Monitor High Asian River Basins and Regional Water Security"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9176-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Menenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pellicciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Escorihuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"isardSAT, Parc Tecnol\u00f2gic Barcelona Activa, Carrer de Marie Curie, 8, 08042 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6085-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaolei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2940-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangcheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Shaoting","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0959-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1313-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1366-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9926-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Center for Information Geoscience, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}]},{"given":"Xujun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0573-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoduo","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7583-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Yerong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Jonit Engineering Laboratory of Geo-Spatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Baohong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Buri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5446-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan S.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Yanzhao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Corbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Tianjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Stefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"isardSAT, Parc Tecnol\u00f2gic Barcelona Activa, Carrer de Marie Curie, 8, 08042 Barcelona, 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Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Paciolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-759-2018","article-title":"The European mountain cryosphere: A review of its current state, trends, and future 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