{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T02:00:46Z","timestamp":1771725646515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]],"date-time":"2021-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004221","name":"Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BN.610-334\/PBU\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BN.610-334\/PBU\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004221","name":"Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BN.302.233.2021.RN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BN.302.233.2021.RN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Historical maps are often the only source of information allowing for the regional reconstructions of river channel patterns in the past. In the Polish Carpathians, analyses of historical channel patterns were performed mostly in river reaches scale. In this paper, the Galicia and Bucovina map (1861\u20131864) (the Second military survey of the Habsburg Empire) was used to reconstruct and map the historical channel patterns of seven rivers from the Polish Carpathians. It was found that, in the nineteenth century, rivers in the western part of the study area (So\u0142a, Skawa, Raba, Dunajec) supported a multi-thread channel pattern, whereas rivers in the eastern part (Wis\u0142oka, San, Wis\u0142ok) present a mostly single-thread channel pattern. These differences probably result from the higher relief energy and precipitation, lower proportions of forests in the catchments, and more frequent floods favouring high sediment supply to the fluvial system, and thus the formation of multi-thread reaches in the western part of the study area. At the local scale, the most important factor supporting multi-thread channel pattern development was the availability of gravel sediments in the wide valley floor sections. The formation of anabranching reaches with a single mid-channel form was probably associated with the channel avulsion process. There is no clear evidence linking the change in the channel pattern type with an abrupt change in the river channel slope. This study confirms the usefulness of the second military survey map of the Habsburg Empire for the regional reconstruction of river channel pattern types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"5147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Channel Patterns of Polish Carpathians Rivers from the Galicia and Bucovina Map (1861\u20131864)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0910-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"730","article-title":"Geomorphic classification of rivers","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Shroder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Treatise on Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schumm, S.A. (1977). The Fluvial System, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03598.x","article-title":"Process domains and the river continuum","volume":"35","author":"Montgomery","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brierley, G.J., and Fryirs, K.A. (2005). Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470751367"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.33.092203.122721","article-title":"Bed material transport and the morphology of alluvial river channels","volume":"34","author":"Church","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3417","article-title":"Discrimination of alluvial and mixed bedrock-alluvial multichannel river networks","volume":"38","author":"Meshkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-015-0438-z","article-title":"Classification of river morphology and hydrology to support management and restoration","volume":"78","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107558","article-title":"Automatic river planform identification by a logical-heuristic algorithm","volume":"375","author":"Nardini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandarino, A., Pepe, G., Cevasco, A., and Brandolini, P. (2021). Quantitative Assessment of Riverbed Planform Adjustments, Channelization, and Associated Land Use\/Land Cover Changes: The Ingauna Alluvial-Coastal Plain Case (Liguria, Italy). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183775"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3751","article-title":"What remains today of pre-industrial Alpine rivers? Census of historical and current channel patterns in the Alps","volume":"37","author":"Hohensinner","year":"2021","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.06.028","article-title":"Complex transformation of the geomorphic regime of channels in the forefield of the Moravskoslezsk\u00e9 Beskydy Mts.: Case study of the Mor\u00e1vka River (Czech Republic)","volume":"111","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3702","article-title":"Man\u2019s impact on the transformation of channel patterns (the Skawa River, southern Poland)","volume":"37","author":"Witkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.09.017","article-title":"Channel adjustments in a Mediterranean river over the last 150years in the context of anthropic and natural controls","volume":"275","author":"Scorpio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/15715124.2012.754444","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of environmental changes associated with riverscape evolutions following sediment reintroduction: Geomatic approach on the Dr\u00f4me River network, France","volume":"11","author":"Bertrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. River Basin Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.01.004","article-title":"Engineering impacts on the Upper Rhine channel and floodplain over two centuries","volume":"330","author":"Arnaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Konias, A. (2000). Kartografia Topograficzna \u015ala\u0328ska Cieszy\u0144skiego i Zaboru Austriackiego od II Po\u0142owy XVIII Wieku do Pocza\u0328tku XX Wieku, Wyd. Uniwersytetu \u015al\u0105skiego."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-2025(07)11161-5","article-title":"River restoration in the Alps and their surroundings: Past experience and future challenges","volume":"11","author":"Habersack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Surf. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4303","article-title":"Channelization of a large Alpine river: What is left of its original morphodynamics?","volume":"43","author":"Scorpio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"24","article-title":"The effects of river patterns on riparian vegetation: A comparison of anabranching and single-thread incised channels","volume":"24","author":"Galia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morav. Geogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2009.11.006","article-title":"Solar and proxy-sensitivity imprints on paleohydrological records for the last millennium in west-central Europe","volume":"73","author":"Magny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-006-9033-y","article-title":"Changes in the riparian zone of the lower Eygues River, France, since 1830","volume":"22","author":"Kondolf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, T. (2015). Sedymentologia. Osady Rzek i Jezior, Wyd. Nauk. Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.04.002","article-title":"What happens in a Carpathian catchment after the sudden abandonment of cultivation?","volume":"166","author":"Ortyl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(00)00140-5","article-title":"The sensitivity of Scottish rivers and upland valley floors to recent environmental change","volume":"42","author":"Werritty","year":"2001","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0001938","article-title":"River Metamorphosis","volume":"95","author":"Schumm","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Div."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"\u0141ajczak, A. (2012). Zapis antropopresji w rze\u017abie przedg\u00f3rskiego odcinka dna doliny So\u0142y. Antropopresja w Wybranych Strefach Morfoklimatycznych\u2014Zapis Zmian w Rze\u017abie i Osadach, Uniwersytet \u015al\u0105ski."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Funkcjonowanie systemu rzecznego \u015brodkowej i dolnej Raby w ostatnich 200 latach","volume":"6","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dok. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.09.018","article-title":"Development of sediment slug upstream from the Czorsztyn Reservoir (southern Poland) and its interaction with river morphology","volume":"253","author":"Liro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11600-019-00307-0","article-title":"Photogrammetric reconstruction of changes in vertical river position using archival aerial photos: Case study of the Czarny Dunajec River, Polish Carpathians","volume":"67","author":"Hajdukiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1987.11880209","article-title":"Man\u2019s Impact on Fluvial Processes in the Polish Western Carpathians","volume":"69","author":"Klimek","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.12.011","article-title":"Twentieth-century hydromorphological degradation of Polish Carpathian rivers","volume":"504","author":"Hajdukiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.05.015","article-title":"Multi-thread rivers in the Polish Carpathians: Occurrence, decline and possibilities of restoration","volume":"415","author":"Zawiejska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"113","article-title":"Braided channel changes at chosen reaches of the Bialka river (the Podhale, Western Carpathians)","volume":"14","year":"1980","journal-title":"Stud. Geomorphol. Carpatho-Balc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3846","article-title":"The Galician Canal\u2014An unrealized project that changed the rivers in the northern part of the Carpathians","volume":"37( 9)","author":"Witkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(90)90198-7","article-title":"The Tethys Sea and the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt; mega-elements in a new global tectonic system","volume":"62","author":"Storetvedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.7163\/GPol.0115","article-title":"Physico-geographical mesoregions of Poland\u2014Verification and adjustment of boundaries on the basis of contemporary spatial data","volume":"91","author":"Solon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geogr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Chlebowski, B., and Walewski, W. (1889). S\u0142ownik Geograficzny Kr\u00f3lestwa Polskiego i Innych Kraj\u00f3w S\u0142owia\u0144skich. Tom X, Kasa im. J\u00f3zefa Mianowskiego."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"123","article-title":"Zmienno\u015b\u0107 czasowa najwy\u017cszych miesi\u0119cznych sum opad\u00f3w atmosferycznych w Polskich Karpatach Zachodnich (1951\u20132005)","volume":"128","author":"Cebulska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pr. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stosunki wodne w polskich Karpatach Zachodnich","volume":"103","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pr. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Soja, R. (2002). Hydrologiczne Aspekty Antropopresji w Polskich Karpatach, IGiPZ PAN."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Tim\u00e1r, G., Moln\u00e1r, G., Sz\u00e9kely, B., Biszak, S., Varga, J., and Jank\u00f3, A. (2006). The Map Sheets of the Second Military Survey and Their Georeferenced Version, Arcanum."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"124","article-title":"Digital terrain model of the Second Military Survey. Two model territories: The surroundings of the town Rokycany and part of the military training area Brdy","volume":"7","author":"Vichrova","year":"2012","journal-title":"E-Perimetron"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Kondracki, J. (1994). Geografia Polski. Mezoregiony Fizycznogeograficzne, Wyd. Nauk. PWN."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"927","article-title":"Regionalizacja tektoniczna Polski\u2014Karpaty zewn\u0119trzne i zapadlisko przedkarpackie","volume":"56","author":"Oszczypko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Geol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Polish Geological Institute Detailed Geological Map of Poland, 1:50,000, Available online: https:\/\/geologia.pgi.gov.pl\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021, October 25). Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography Map of Relief Shading, WMTS, Available online: https:\/\/mapy.geoportal.gov.pl\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, September 05). National Water Management Board National Water and Environmental Programme, Available online: https:\/\/apgw.gov.pl\/pl\/II-cykl-materialy-do-pobrania."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, September 05). European Environment Agency European River Catchments. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/european-river-catchments-1."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Brice, J.C., and Blodgett, J.C. (1978). Counter Measures for Hydraulic Problems at Bridges. 1. Analysis and Assessment, Report No. FHWA-RD-78-162., Federal Highway Administration."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Teisseyre, A.K. (1991). Klasyfikacja Rzek w \u015bwietle Analizy Systemu Fluwialnego i Geometrii Hydraulicznej, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Wroc\u0142awskiego."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"67","article-title":"Re\u017cim hydrologiczny rzek karpackich w Polsce","volume":"29\u201330","author":"Soja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Geogr. Ser. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Typy re\u017cim\u00f3w rzecznych w Polsce","volume":"268","author":"Dynowska","year":"1971","journal-title":"Zesz. Nauk. UJ Pr. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrzesi\u0144ski, D., Marsz, A.A., Styszy\u0144ska, A., and Sobkowiak, L. (2019). Effect of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on changes in climatic conditions and river flow in Poland. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081622"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3","article-title":"Zmienno\u015b\u0107 odp\u0142ywu z obszaru Polski w bie\u017c\u0105cym stuleciu","volume":"16","author":"Fal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wiad. IMGW"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1515\/johh-2017-0045","article-title":"Detection of changes in flow regime of rivers in Poland","volume":"66","author":"Sobkowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Hydromech."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"151","article-title":"Proces wylesienia na ziemiach polskich od czas\u00f3w najdawniejszych","volume":"56","author":"Broda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Czas. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, J., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska, E., Vogt, P., Dobosz, M., Kaim, D., Kolecka, N., and Ostafin, K. (2018). Forest-Cover Increase Does Not Trigger Forest-Fragmentation Decrease: Case Study from the Polish Carpathians. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10051472"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.12.003","article-title":"Broad scale forest cover reconstruction from historical topographic maps","volume":"67","author":"Kaim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Petts, G.E., Moller, H., and Roux, A.L. (1989). Cartography of rivers in France. Historical change of large alluvial rivers, Western Europe, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1407","article-title":"Spatio-temporal habitat dynamics in a changing Danube River landscape 1812\u20132006","volume":"27","author":"Hohensinner","year":"2011","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3419","article-title":"Multichannel rivers: Their definition and classification","volume":"39","author":"Carling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9837(199603)21:3<217::AID-ESP611>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Anabranching rivers: Their cause, character and classification","volume":"21","author":"Nanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0341-8162(94)90001-9","article-title":"A Classification of Natural Rivers","volume":"22","author":"Rosgen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133310365300","article-title":"Sorting out river channel patterns","volume":"34","author":"Kleinhans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.13.050185.000253","article-title":"Patterns of alluvial rivers","volume":"13","author":"Schumm","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriques, M., McVicar, T.R., Holland, K.L., and Daly, E. (2021). Riparian vegetation and geomorphological interactions in anabranching rivers: A global review. Ecohydrology, e2370.","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2370"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1976)87<857:EOVOLM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of vegetation on lateral migration of anastomosed channels of a glacial meltwater river","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"105","article-title":"Rozw\u00f3j k\u0119py o z\u0142o\u017conej strukturze w \u017cwirodennej rzece g\u00f3rskiej. Wyniki analiz dendrochronologicznych i kartograficznych","volume":"14","author":"Rzepecka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Mater. CEPL Rogowie"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(00)00007-6","article-title":"Medium and short-term channel planform changes on the Rivers Tay and Tummel, Scotland","volume":"34","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"129","article-title":"Uk\u0142ad wielokorytowy Dunaju pomi\u0119dzy \u0106unovem a Gab\u0107ikovem\u2014Analiza przestrzenna na podstawie klasyfikacji rzek wed\u0142ug Brice\u2019a","volume":"13","author":"Luc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landf. Anal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/rrr.3450100211","article-title":"The serial discontinuity concept: Extending the model to floodplain rivers","volume":"10","author":"Ward","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul. Rivers Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Calow, P., and Petts, G.E. (1992). Channel morphology and typology. The Rivers Handbook, Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.03.014","article-title":"Multi-scale factors controlling the pattern of floodplain width at a network scale: The case of the Rh\u00f4ne basin, France","volume":"200","author":"Notebaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2002.00922.x","article-title":"Fluvial landscape ecology: Addressing uniqueness within the river discontinuum","volume":"47","author":"Poole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"70","article-title":"Myrphodynamics of the River \u0141ososina channel after an Extreme Flood (Western Carpathian Mountains)","volume":"43","author":"Gorczyca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geografija"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.07.037","article-title":"The influence of river training on mountain channel changes (Polish Carpathian Mountains)","volume":"92","author":"Korpak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JF003045","article-title":"Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 2. Single thread to braided transitions","volume":"119","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JF002843","article-title":"Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 1. Relative importance of lithology, topography, and climate","volume":"118","author":"Mueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1646(199901\/06)15:1\/3<63::AID-RRR538>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"A reference river system for the Alps: The \u2018Fiume Tagliamento\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regul. Rivers Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2014.885854","article-title":"The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum","volume":"10","author":"Zasadni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2020.1800530","article-title":"Geomorphology of the high-elevated flysch range\u2014Mt. Babia G\u00f3ra Massif (Western Carpathians)","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(96)00051-7","article-title":"Avulsion and anastomosis in the panhandle region of the Okavango Fan, Botswana","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1972)83[1755:ESOCP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Experimental Study of Channel Patterns","volume":"83","author":"Schumm","year":"1972","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"39","article-title":"River channel patterns\u2014Braided, meandering and straight","volume":"282","author":"Leopold","year":"1957","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anastomosing rivers. Forms, processes and sediments","volume":"249","author":"Makaske","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ned. Geogr. Stud."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"297","article-title":"Meandering and braided rivers","volume":"13","author":"Doeglas","year":"1951","journal-title":"Geol. Mijnb."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/648239","article-title":"Changes in Braided River Morphology Resulting from Aggradation and Degradation","volume":"101","author":"Germanoski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"30","article-title":"Structure and genesis of the quaternary filling of the Slav\u00ed\u010d River valley (Moravskoslezsk\u00e9 Beskydy Mts., Czech Republic)","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morav. Geogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojkowski, J., Wa\u0142\u0119ga, A., Radecki-Pawlik, A., M\u0142y\u0144ski, D., and Lepe\u0161ka, T. (2021). The influence of land cover changes on landscape hydric potential and river flows: Upper Vistula, Western Carpathians. CATENA, 105878.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3931623"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.10.015","article-title":"Late Holocene evolution of the Be\u010dva River floodplain (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic) as a record of interaction between erosion-prone catchment and environmental change","volume":"206","author":"Stacke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.329","article-title":"Channel incision and flow increase of the upper Wis\u0142oka River, southern Poland, subsequent to the reforestation of its catchment","volume":"27","author":"Lach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2169","article-title":"Spatial and temporal controls on historical channel responses\u2014Study of an atypical case: Some\u015fu Mic River, Romania","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133302pp349ra","article-title":"Modern and ancient periglacial river types","volume":"26","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(02)00165-0","article-title":"Impact of mediaeval agriculture on the alluvium in the San River headwaters (Polish Eastern Carpathians)","volume":"51","author":"Kukulak","year":"2003","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"133","article-title":"Geomorphological microregions of the Polish Bieszczady Mountains","volume":"52","author":"Henkiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. UMCS Sec. B"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2018.1531074","article-title":"Channel changes of the Adige River (Eastern Italian Alps) over the last 1000 years and identification of the historical fluvial corridor","volume":"14","author":"Scorpio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.01.020","article-title":"Discontinuities in braided patterns: The River Rh\u00f4ne from Geneva to the Camargue delta before river training","volume":"117","author":"Bravard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-555X(95)00014-V","article-title":"Prediction of alluvial channel pattern of perennial rivers","volume":"12","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112087002064","article-title":"Finite-amplitude alternate bars","volume":"181","author":"Colombini","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.26471\/cjees\/2018\/013\/051","article-title":"The impact of watermills on changes in the hydrographic network in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland","volume":"13","author":"Witkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107062","article-title":"Historical and present-day human impact on fluvial systems in the Old-Polish Industrial District (Poland)","volume":"357","author":"Kalicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorczyca, E., Krzemie\u0144, K., and Jarzyna, K. (2020). The Evolution of Gravel-Bed Rivers during the Post-Regulation Period in the Polish Carpathians. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010254"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.01.014","article-title":"Twentieth-century Channel Change on the Dunajec River, Southern Poland: Patterns, Causes and Controls","volume":"117","author":"Zawiejska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"85","article-title":"Young-Holocene changes in the course of the Dunajec River in the Beskid Sadecki Mts (Western Carpathians)","volume":"6","author":"Klimek","year":"1972","journal-title":"Stud. Geomorphol. Carpatho-Balc."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"67","article-title":"Neotectonic activity of the Skawa River Fault Zone (Outer Carpathians, Poland)","volume":"79","author":"Zuchiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Gorczyca, E. (2016). Rozw\u00f3j G\u00f3rskich \u017bwirodennych Koryt Rzecznych w Warunkach Antropopresji, Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Sobucki, M., Gorczyca, E., and Giriat, D. (2012, January 2\u20137). Human induced channel changes of the upper Wis\u0142oka River during last 150 years (Polish Carpathian Mts.). Proceedings of the FLAG Scientific Programme, Remich, Luxemburg."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:17Z","timestamp":1760169077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13245147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13245147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]}}}