{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:03:55Z","timestamp":1777435435754,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]],"date-time":"2021-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Investigating the variability of phytoplankton phenology plays a key role in regions characterized by cyclonic circulation regimes or convective events, like the north-western Mediterranean Sea (NWM). The main goal of this study is to assess the potential of the robust satellite techniques (RST) in identifying anomalous phytoplankton blooms in the NWM by using 9 years (2008\u20132017) of multi-sensor chlorophyll-a (chl-a) products from the CMEMS and OC-CCI datasets. Further application of the RST approach on a corresponding time-series of in situ chl-a measurements acquired at the BOUSSOLE site allows evaluation ofthe accuracy of the satellite-based change detection indices and selecting the best indicator. The OC-CCI derived chl-a anomaly index shows the best performances when compared to in situ data (R2 and RMSE of 0.75 and 0.48, respectively). Thus, it has been used to characterize an anomalous chl-a bloom that occurred in March 2012 at regional scale. Results show positive chl-a anomalies between the BOUSSOLE site and the Center of Convection Zone (CCZ) as a possible consequence of an intense convection episode that occurred in February 2012.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"5151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantifying the Variability of Phytoplankton Blooms in the NW Mediterranean Sea with the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Ciancia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council, C.da Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019AteneoLucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodosio","family":"Lacava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council, C.da Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7619-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pergola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council, C.da Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Vellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Laboratoired\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, IMEV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Satriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019AteneoLucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Tramutoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019AteneoLucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devred, E., Sathyendranath, S., and Platt, T. (2009). Decadal changes in ecological provinces of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean revealed by satellite observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039896"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.04.009","article-title":"The influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on interannual variations in phytoplankton size structure as revealed by Earth Observation","volume":"77\u201380","author":"Brewin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9391-1","article-title":"Phenological Responses to ENSO in the Global Oceans","volume":"38","author":"Racault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02808","article-title":"Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch","volume":"430","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/423398b","article-title":"Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival","volume":"423","author":"Platt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A., Brotas, V., Palma, C., Borges, C., and Brito, A.C. (2021). Assessing Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in Upwelling-Influenced Regions Using Ocean Color Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040675"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.036","article-title":"Trends in phytoplankton phenology in the Mediterranean Sea based on ocean-colour remote sensing","volume":"221","author":"Racault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacava, T., and Ciancia, E. (2020). Remote Sensing Applications in Coastal Areas. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092673"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-016-0972-9","article-title":"On the potential of an RST-based analysis of the MODIS-derived chl-a product over Condor seamount and surrounding areas (Azores, NE Atlantic)","volume":"66","author":"Ciancia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-139-2009","article-title":"On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: A satellite analysis","volume":"6","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.12.001","article-title":"Multi-sensor satellite time series of optical properties and chlorophyll-a concentration in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"91","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.09.016","article-title":"Regionalisation of the Mediterranean basin, a MERMEX synthesis","volume":"163","author":"Ayata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.027","article-title":"Patterns of chlorophyll interannual variability in Mediterranean biogeographical regions","volume":"215","author":"Basterretxea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sen. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015701","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015701","article-title":"Contrasted Contribution of Intraseasonal Time Scales to Surface Chlorophyll Variations in a Bloom and an Oligotrophic Regime","volume":"125","author":"Keerthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.10.014","article-title":"Algal blooming patterns and anomalies in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from the SeaWiFS data set (1998\u20132003)","volume":"112","author":"Barale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-1901-2016","article-title":"Interannual variability of the Mediterranean trophic regimes from ocean color satellites","volume":"13","author":"Mayot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.020","article-title":"Seasonal to interannual phytoplankton response to physical processes in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite observations","volume":"117","author":"Volpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp107","article-title":"Temporal variability of 10-year global SeaWiFS time-series of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration","volume":"66","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.6.2293","article-title":"Shutdown of turbulent convection as a new criterion for the onset of spring phytoplankton blooms","volume":"56","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.08.005","article-title":"Temporal variability of vertical export flux at the DYFAMED time-series station (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"119","author":"Lavigne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20405","article-title":"Impact of atmospheric and oceanic interannual variability on the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle","volume":"118","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2014.08.003","article-title":"Seasonal and mesoscale variability of primary production in the deep winter-mixing region of the NW Mediterranean","volume":"94","author":"Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9999","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012052","article-title":"Physical and Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Blooms in North Western Mediterranean Sea: A Multiplatform Approach Over a Complete Annual Cycle (2012\u20132013 DEWEX Experiment)","volume":"122","author":"Mayot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24965-0","article-title":"Deep winter convection and phytoplankton dynamics in the NW Mediterranean Sea under present climate and future (horizon 2030) scenarios","volume":"8","author":"Macias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colella, S., Falcini, F., Rinaldi, E., Sammartino, M., and Santoleri, R. (2016). Mediterranean Ocean Colour Chlorophyll Trends. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155756"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.017","article-title":"Ocean-colour products for climate-change studies: What are their ideal characteristics?","volume":"203","author":"Sathyendranath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tramutoli, V. (2007, January 18\u201320). Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) for Natural and Environmental Hazards Monitoring and Mitigation: Theory and Applications. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images, Leuven, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/MULTITEMP.2007.4293057"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Polito, C., Ciancia, E., Coviello, I., Doxaran, D., Lacava, T., Pergola, N., Satriano, V., and Tramutoli, V. (2016). On the Potential of Robust Satellite Techniques Approach for SPM Monitoring in Coastal Waters: Implementation and Application over the Basilicata Ionian Coastal Waters Using MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110922"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacava, T., Ciancia, E., Coviello, I., Di Polito, C., Grimaldi, C.S.L., Pergola, N., Satriano, V., Temimi, M., Zhao, J., and Tramutoli, V. (2017). A MODIS-Based Robust Satellite Technique (RST) for Timely Detection of Oil Spilled Areas. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020128"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2018.01.011","article-title":"Investigating the chlorophyll-a variability in the Gulf of Taranto (North-western Ionian Sea) by a multi-temporal analysis of MODIS-Aqua Level 3\/Level 2 data","volume":"155","author":"Ciancia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023525","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2957964","article-title":"Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Terra: Limitations for ocean color applications","volume":"2","author":"Franz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-127-2019","article-title":"Mediterranean ocean colour Level 3 operational multi-sensor processing","volume":"15","author":"Volpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathyendranath, S., Brewin, R.J., Brockmann, C., Brotas, V., Calton, B., Chuprin, A., Cipollini, P., Couto, A.B., Dingle, J., and Doerffer, R. (2019). An Ocean-Colour Time Series for Use in Climate Studies: The Experience of the Ocean-Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194285"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine, D., Vellucci, V., Banks, A.C., Bardey, P., Bretagnon, M., Bruniquel, V., Deru, A., HembiseFantond\u2019Andon, O., Lerebourg, C., and Mangin, A. (2020). ROSACE: A Proposed European Design for the Copernicus Ocean Colour System Vicarious Calibration Infrastructure. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101535"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(02)00022-X","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station (1991\u20131999)","volume":"49","author":"Marty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ortenzio, F., Antoine, D., Martinez, E., and Ribera d\u2019Alcal\u00e0, M. (2012). Phenological changes of oceanic phytoplankton in the 1980s and 2000s as revealed by remotely sensed ocean-color observations. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 26.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GB004269"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20251","article-title":"Enhancing the comprehension of mixed layer depth control on the Mediterranean phytoplankton phenology","volume":"118","author":"Lavigne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(98)00078-5","article-title":"Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"20","author":"Millot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-4233-2012","article-title":"Factors controlling interannual variability of vertical organic matter export and phytoplankton bloom dynamics\u2013a numerical case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea","volume":"9","author":"Bernardello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8139","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011857","article-title":"Observations of open-ocean deep convection in the northwestern M editerranean S ea: Seasonal and interannual variability of mixing and deep water masses for the 2007\u20132013 Period","volume":"121","author":"Houpert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO563.1","article-title":"The \u201cBOUSSOLE\u201d buoy\u2014A new transparent-to-swell taut mooring dedicated to marine optics: Design, tests, and performance at sea","volume":"25","author":"Antoine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061020","article-title":"Observing mixed layer depth, nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations in the northwestern Mediterranean: A combined satellite and NO3 profiling floats experiment","volume":"41","author":"Lavigne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.3.0955","article-title":"Variability in optical particle backscattering in contrasting bio-optical oceanic regimes","volume":"56","author":"Antoine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2019.04.006","article-title":"Discerning dominant temporal patterns of bio-optical properties in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)","volume":"148","author":"Bellacicco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Golbol, M., Vellucci, V., and Antoine, D. (2021, September 01). BOUSSOLE. Available online: https:\/\/campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr\/series\/1\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2020, October 22). ESA OC-CCI Dataset (Version 4.2). Available online: https:\/\/esa-oceancolour-cci.org\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.002262","article-title":"Band shifting for ocean color multi-spectral reflectance data","volume":"23","author":"Sclep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.039","article-title":"Assessing the fitness-for-purpose of satellite multi-mission ocean color climate data records: A protocol applied to OC-CCI chlorophyll-A data","volume":"203","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.07.016","article-title":"A class-based approach to characterizing and mapping the uncertainty of the MODIS ocean chlorophyll product","volume":"113","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.021","article-title":"An optical water type framework for selecting and blending retrievals from bio-optical algorithms in lakes and coastal waters","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.036","article-title":"An improved optical classification scheme for the Ocean Colour Essential Climate Variable and its applications","volume":"203","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24937","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02160","article-title":"Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS","volume":"103","author":"Maritorena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01011","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007395","article-title":"Chlorophyll aalgorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference","volume":"117","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110071879","article-title":"A five channel chlorophyll concentration algorithm applied to SeaWiFS data processed by SeaDAS in coastal waters","volume":"23","author":"Gohin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2020, October 23). OCEANCOLOUR_MED_CHL_L3_REP_OBSERVATIONS_009_073 Product. Available online: http:\/\/marine.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.818020","article-title":"Use of the novelty detection technique to identify the range of applicability of empirical ocean color algorithms","volume":"41","author":"Melin","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.017","article-title":"The colour of the Mediterranean Sea: Global versus regional bio-optical algorithms evaluation and implication for satellite chlorophyll estimates","volume":"107","author":"Volpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.817682","article-title":"Phytoplankton determination in an optically complex coastal region using a multilayer perceptron neural network","volume":"41","author":"Zibordi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Omar, M., Cipollone, A., Pistoia, J., Aydogdu, A., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Lyubartsev, V., and Lecci, R. (2021, September 01). Mediterranean Sea Physical Reanalysis (CMEMS MED-Currents) (version 1) [Data Set]. Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS). Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25423\/CMCC\/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2020, November 12). Climate Data Service (CDS). Available online: http:\/\/marine.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2020, November 19). ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.09.031","article-title":"Interannual variability of surface heat fluxes in the Adriatic Sea in the period 1998\u20132001 and comparison with observations","volume":"353","author":"Chiggiato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069174","article-title":"The North Atlantic spring phytoplankton bloom and Sverdrup\u2019s critical depth hypothesis","volume":"296","author":"Siegel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20167","article-title":"A comparison of methods to determine phytoplankton bloom initiation","volume":"118","author":"Brody","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50331","article-title":"Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012","volume":"40","author":"Houpert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbq062","article-title":"Marine plankton phenology and life history in a changing climate: Current research and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-1543-2010","article-title":"Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: A review","volume":"7","author":"Christaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/os-9-789-2013","article-title":"The Mediterranean Sea system: A review and an introduction to the special issue","volume":"9","author":"Tanhua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2021, January 14). Regional Annual Chlorophyll Anomaly (RACA) Indicator. Available online: https:\/\/resources.marine.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(95)00047-X","article-title":"Chlorophyll estimation in the Southeastern Mediterranean using CZCS images: Adaptation of an algorithm and its validation","volume":"9","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014056","article-title":"Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?","volume":"29","author":"Claustre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00026-3","article-title":"Validation of empirical SeaWiFS algorithms for chlorophyll-a retrieval in the MediterraneanSea: A case study for oligotrophic seas","volume":"82","author":"Marullo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2014.05.003","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)","volume":"91","author":"Organelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:41Z","timestamp":1760169101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13245151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13245151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]}}}