{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:19:40Z","timestamp":1776885580205,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prediction of spatial and temporal variation of soil water content brings numerous benefits in the studies of soil. However, it requires a considerable number of covariates to be included in the study, complicating the analysis. Integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) with stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) methodology is a possible approach that allows the inclusion of covariates in an easy way. The current study has been conducted using INLA-SPDE to study soil moisture in the area of the Valencia Anchor Station (VAS), soil moisture validation site for the European Space Agency SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity). The data used were collected in a typical ecosystem of the semiarid Mediterranean conditions, subdivided into physio-hydrological units (SMOS units) which presents a certain degree of internal uniformity with respect to hydrological parameters and capture the spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture at the local fine scale. The paper advances the knowledge of the influence of hydrodynamic properties on VAS soil moisture (texture, porosity\/bulk density and soil organic matter and land use). With the goal of understanding the factors that affect the variability of soil moisture in the SMOS pixel (50 km \u00d7 50 km), five states of soil moisture are proposed. We observed that the model with all covariates and spatial effect has the lowest DIC value. In addition, the correlation coefficient was close to 1 for the relationship between observed and predicted values. The methodology applied presents the possibility to analyze the significance of different covariates having spatial and temporal effects. This process is substantially faster and more effective than traditional kriging. The findings of this study demonstrate an advancement in that framework, demonstrating that it is faster than previous methodologies, provides significance of individual covariates, is reproducible, and is easy to compare with models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"5155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modeling Influence of Soil Properties in Different Gradients of Soil Moisture: The Case of the Valencia Anchor Station Validation Site, Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Carb\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Quality and Soils, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificaci\u00f3n-CIDE (CSIC-Universitat de Valencia-GV), 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"IMAC, Mathematics Department, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"A\u00f1\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Quality and Soils, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificaci\u00f3n-CIDE (CSIC-Universitat de Valencia-GV), 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Diaz-Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Probabilidad y Estad\u00edstica IIMAS, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 4510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Group, Earth Physics and Thermodynamics Department, Faculty of Physics, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-24-2633-2020","article-title":"Soil moisture: Variable in space but redundant in time","volume":"24","author":"Hassler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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