{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:35:06Z","timestamp":1763141706880,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2018YFC1406604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1406604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1901215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1901215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","award":["GML2019ZD0305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2019ZD0305"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Key Project from Guangzhou City","award":["201707020031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201707020031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the most important factors in regulating air-sea heat flux and, thus, climate change. Most of current global daily SST products are derived from one or two transient measurements of polar-orbiting satellites, which are not the same to daily mean SST values. In this study, high-temporal-resolution SST measurements (32\u201340 snapshots per day) from a geostationary satellite, FengYun-4A (FY\u20134A), are used to analyze the diurnal variation of SST in China seas. The results present a sinusoidal pattern of the diurnal variability in SST, with the maximum value at 13:00\u201315:00 CST and the minimum at 06:00\u201308:00 CST. Based on the diurnal variation of SST, a retrieval method for daily mean SST products from polar-orbiting satellites is established and applied to 7716 visible infrared imaging radiometer (VIIRS) data in China seas. The results suggest that it is feasible and practical for the retrieval of daily mean SST with an average RMSE of 0.133 \u00b0C. This retrieval method can also be utilized to other polar-orbiting satellites and obtain more daily mean satellite SST products, which will contribute to more accurate estimation and prediction between atmosphere and ocean in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"5158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrieval of Daily Mean VIIRS SST Products in China Seas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0594-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyou","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-007-0063-0","article-title":"Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variation and its Impact on the Atmosphere and Ocean: A Review","volume":"63","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of Lagrangian Sea Surface Temperature Variability on Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Community Growth Rates","volume":"35","author":"Zaiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-7836(00)00201-0","article-title":"Fisheries Oceanography using Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing Methods: A Review","volume":"49","author":"Santos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"79","article-title":"Evaluating the Effects of Sea Surface Temperature Variations on Fishing Ground of Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) in the Southeast Pacific Ocean","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oceanolog. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart-Menteth, A.C. (2003). A Global Study of Diurnal Warming using Satellite-derived Sea Surface Temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JC001534"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015449","article-title":"Water Mass Properties Derived From Satellite Observations in the Barents Sea","volume":"125","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e9r\u00e9ziat, D., and Herlin, I. (2014). Coupling Dynamic Equations and Satellite Images for Modelling Ocean Surface Circulation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25117-2_12"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61570-6","article-title":"Impact of Projected Sea Surface Temperature Biases on Tropical Cyclones Projections in the South Pacific","volume":"10","author":"Dutheil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.15423","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Argo Floats Temperature Measurements on the Numerical Weather Prediction Forecast Skill","volume":"20","author":"Varlas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC017059","article-title":"Impacts of the Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data on Volume and Heat Budget Estimates for the North Sea","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, P.-C., Ho, C.-Y., Lee, H.-J., Lu, C.-Y., and Ho, C.-R. (2020). Temporal Variation and Spatial Structure of the Kuroshio-Induced Submesoscale Island Vortices Observed from GCOM-C and Himawari-8 Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050883"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112151","article-title":"Infrared Satellite-derived Sea Surface Skin Temperature Sensitivity to Aerosol Vertical Distribution \u0336 Field Data Analysis and Model Simulations","volume":"252","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1496-1","article-title":"Sea Surface Temperature Data from Coastal Observation Stations: Quality Control and Semidiurnal Characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oceanolog. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"888914-1","article-title":"The Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) Detection Assembly Design and Performance","volume":"8889","author":"Coppo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1502.1","article-title":"Improving Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Accuracies Using Water Vapor Profile Data","volume":"28","author":"Barton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JTECHA1517.1","article-title":"A Physical Method for the Calibration of the AVHRR\/3 Thermal IR Channels. Part II: An In-Orbit Comparison of the AVHRR Longwave Thermal IR Channels on Board MetOp-A with IASI","volume":"28","author":"Mittaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1834:SASLEO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Satellite and Skin-Layer Effects on the Accuracy of Sea Surface Temperature Measurements from the GOES Satellites","volume":"19","author":"Wick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-015-0327-z","article-title":"Global Space-time Scales for Day-to-day Variations of Daily-Minimum and Diurnal Sea Surface Temperatures: Their Distinct Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Cycles","volume":"72","author":"Hosoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1986)016<0827:LDSSTV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Large Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variability: Satellite and In Situ Measurements","volume":"16","author":"Stramma","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1994)024<0124:AAHSOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Amplitude and Horizontal Structure of A Large Sea Surface Warming Event During the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment","volume":"24","author":"Flament","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22602","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035730","article-title":"Multi-satellite measurements of large diurnal warming events","volume":"35","author":"Gentemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL51097","article-title":"Impact of Diurnally-varying Skin Temperature on Surface Fluxes over the Tropical Pacific","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1247-2","article-title":"Impact of Intra-daily SST Variability on ENSO Characteristics in A Coupled Model","volume":"39","author":"Masson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00062.1","article-title":"The Effect of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Warming on Climatological Air\u2013Sea Fluxes","volume":"26","author":"Clayson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8253","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50638","article-title":"Extended range simulations of the extreme snow storms over southern China in early 2008 with the BCC_AGCM2.1 model","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3639.1","article-title":"Role of Indian and Pacific SST in Indian Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal Variability","volume":"24","author":"Achuthavarier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3354\/meps339229","article-title":"Spring oceanographic conditions and northern shrimp Pandalus borealis recruitment success in the north-western Gulf of St. Lawrence","volume":"339","author":"Ouellet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012064","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/500\/1\/012064","article-title":"Weekly sea surface temperature from SNPP-VIIRS data using open source software","volume":"500","author":"Hartuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP C Ser. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11508","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50873","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS prelaunch and on-orbit geometric calibration and characterization","volume":"118","author":"Wolfe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Chirokova, G., Demaria, R., Dostalek, J.F., and Beven, D.J.L. (April, January 31). Improving Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasting with JPSS imager and Sounder Data. Proceedings of the 31st Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology 2014 American Meteorological Society, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minnett, P.J., Evans, R.H., Podest\u00e1, G.P., and Kilpatrick, K.A. (2014, January 5\u20139). Sea-Surface Temperature from Suomi-NPP VIIRS: Algorithm Development and Uncertainty Estimation. Proceedings of the SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2053184"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Butler, J., Wu, A., Chiang, K.V., Efremova, B., Madhavan, S., Mcintire, J., and Oudrari, H. (2012, January 24\u201327). Comparison of MODIS and VIIRS Onboard Blackbody Performance. Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVI, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977560"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17234","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215881","article-title":"Validation of S-NPP VIIRS Sea Surface Temperature Retrieved from NAVO","volume":"7","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cayula, J.-F.P., May, D.A., McKenzie, B.D., and Willis, K.D. (May, January 29). VIIRS-derived SST at the Naval Oceanographic Office: From evaluation to operation. Proceedings of the SPIE, Ocean Sensing and Monitoring V, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00224","article-title":"General Comparison of FY\u20134A\/AGRI With Other GEO\/LEO Instruments and Its Potential and Challenges in Non-meteorological Applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0065.1","article-title":"Introducing the New Generation of Chinese Geostationary Weather Satellites, Fengyun-4","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The FY-4 Radiometer Imager and the Application of its Data in the Satellite Meteorology","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27999","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02370","article-title":"The Development and Operational Application of Nonlinear Algorithms for the Measurement of Sea Surface Temperatures with the NOAA Polar-orbiting Environmental Satellites","volume":"103","author":"Walton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00121.1","article-title":"In situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam)","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2005.11.019","article-title":"Quality Control of Ocean Temperature and Salinity Profiles-Historical and Real-time Data","volume":"65","author":"Ingleby","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, Q., Pan, D., Hao, Z., and Chen, J. (2015, January 21\u201324). Observations of SST diurnal variability in the South China Sea. Proceedings of the Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions 2015, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2194476"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHO756.1","article-title":"The SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM)","volume":"27","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-018-7035-7","article-title":"Surface diurnal warming in the East China Sea derived from satellite remote sensing","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016291","article-title":"Diurnal signals in satellite sea surface temperature measurements","volume":"30","author":"Gentemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC013657","article-title":"Annual and Semiannual Cycles of Diurnal Warming of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea","volume":"123","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012210","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of SST diurnal variation over the Tropical Warm Pool region","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-014-0263-3","article-title":"Climatology of hot events in the western equatorial Pacific","volume":"71","author":"Wirasatriya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirasatriya, A., Hosoda, K., Setiawan, J.D., and Susanto, R.D. (2020). Variability of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature during Short Term and High SST Event in the Western Equatorial Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193230"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<1712:CRATDC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds, Radiation, and the Diurnal Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Western Pacific","volume":"9","author":"Webster","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-018-8016-7","article-title":"A 31-year Global Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Dataset Created by an Ocean Mixed-Layer Model","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dynatmoce.2013.01.001","article-title":"Impact of the ocean diurnal cycle on the North Atlantic mean sea surface temperatures in a regionally coupled model","volume":"60","author":"Guemas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.03.002","article-title":"Diurnal warming in shallow coastal seas: Observations from the Caribbean and Great Barrier Reef regions","volume":"82","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009489","article-title":"Modeled diurnally varying sea surface temperatures and their influence on surface heat fluxes","volume":"119","author":"Weihs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.04.013","article-title":"Group for High Resolution Sea Surface temperature (GHRSST) analysis fields inter-comparisons. Part 1: A GHRSST multi-product ensemble (GMPE)","volume":"77\u201380","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.001","article-title":"Combining model and geostationary satellite data to reconstruct hourly SST field over the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"146","author":"Marullo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:50Z","timestamp":1760169110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/24\/5158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13245158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13245158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]]}}}