{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:29:09Z","timestamp":1762608549336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C100578011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C100578011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007049","name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE99915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE99915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal zones are very dynamic natural systems that experience short-term and long-term morphological changes. Their highly dynamic behavior requires frequent monitoring. Tidal flat topography for a large spatial coverage has been generated mainly by the waterline extraction method from multitemporal remote sensing observations. Despite the efficiency and robustness of the waterline extraction method, the waterline-based digital elevation model (DEM) is limited to representing small scale topographic features, such as localized tidal tributaries. Tidal flats show a rapid increase in SAR backscattering coefficients when the tide height is lower than the tidal flat topography compared to when the tidal flat is covered by water. This leads to a tidal flat with a distinct statistical behavior on the temporal variability of our multitemporal SAR backscattering coefficients. Therefore, this study aims to suggest a new method that can overcome the constraints of the waterline-based method by using a pixel-based DEM generation algorithm. Jenks Natural Break (JNB) optimization was applied to distinguish the tidal flat from land and ocean using multitemporal Senitnel-1 SAR data for the years 2014\u20132020. We also implemented a logistic model to characterize the temporal evolution of the SAR backscattering coefficients along with the tide heights and estimated intertidal topography. The Sentinel-1 DEM from the JNB classification and logistic function was evaluated by an airborne Lidar DEM. Our pixel-based DEM outperformed the waterline-based Landsat DEM. This study demonstrates that our statistical approach to intertidal classification and topography serves to monitor the near real-time spatiotemporal distribution changes of tidal flats through continuous and stable SAR data collection on local and regional scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"5169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Statistical Analysis for Tidal Flat Classification and Topography Using Multitemporal SAR Backscattering Coefficients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keunyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hahn Chul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Kuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hyung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0805-8","article-title":"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats","volume":"565","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.03.003","article-title":"Intertidal topography mapping using the waterline method from Sentinel-1 & -2 images: The examples of Arcachon and Veys Bays in France","volume":"163","author":"Salameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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