{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:41:37Z","timestamp":1783698097577,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31870454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["164320H116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["164320H116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is very important for evaluating ecosystem health. However, the nonlinear characteristics of the vegetation NPP remain unclear in the six provinces along the Maritime Silk Road in China. In this study, using NDVI and meteorological data from 1982 to 2015, NPP was estimated with the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model based on vegetation type dynamics, and its nonlinear characteristics were explored through the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. The results showed that: (1) The total NPP in the changed vegetation types caused by ecological engineering and urbanization increased but decreased in those caused by agricultural reclamation and vegetation destruction, (2) the vegetation NPP was dominated by interannual variations, mainly in the middle of the study area, while by long-term trends, mainly in the southwest and northeast, (3) for most of the vegetation types, NPP was dominated by the monotonically increasing trend. Although vegetation NPP in the urban land mainly showed a decreasing trend (monotonic decrease and decrease from increase), there were large areas in which NPP increased from decreasing. Although vegetation NPP in the farmland mainly showed increasing trends, there were large areas that faced the risk of NPP decreasing; (4) dynamical changes of vegetation type by agricultural reclamation and vegetation destruction made the NPP trend monotonically decrease in large areas, leading to ecosystem degradation, while those caused by urbanization and ecological engineering mainly made the NPP increase from decreasing, leading to later recovery from early degradation. Our results highlighted the importance of vegetation type dynamics for accurately estimating vegetation NPP, as well as for assessing their impacts, and the importance of nonlinear analysis for deepening our understanding of vegetation NPP changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T01:08:09Z","timestamp":1640135289000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nonlinear Characteristics of NPP Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition from 1982 to 2015\u2014A Case Study of Six Coastal Provinces in Southeast China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7831-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Hechi 547100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Spatial-temporal features of carbon source-sink and its relationship with climate factors in Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem","volume":"71","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. 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