{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:35:21Z","timestamp":1770888921914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alta Scuola Politecnica","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have opened up unparalleled opportunities for alpine glacier monitoring, as they allow for reconstructing extensive and high-resolution 3D models. In order to evaluate annual ice flow velocities and volume variations, six yearly measurements were carried out between 2015 and 2020 on the debris-covered Belvedere Glacier (Anzasca Valley, Italian Alps) with low-cost fixed-wing UAVs and quadcopters. Every year, ground control points and check points were measured with GNSS. Images acquired from UAV were processed with Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo algorithms to build photogrammetric models, orthophotos and digital surface models, with decimetric accuracy. Annual glacier velocities were derived by combining manually-tracked features on orthophotos with GNSS measurements. Velocities ranging between 17 m y\u22121 and 22 m y\u22121 were found in the central part of the glacier, whereas values between 2 m y\u22121 and 7 m y\u22121 were found in the accumulation area and at the glacier terminus. Between 2 \u00d7 106 m3 and 3.5 \u00d7 106 m3 of ice volume were lost every year. A pair of intra-year measurements (October 2017\u2013July 2018) highlighted that winter and spring volume reduction was \u223c1\/4 of the average annual ice loss. The Belvedere monitoring activity proved that decimetric-accurate glacier models can be derived with low-cost UAVs and photogrammetry, limiting in-situ operations. Moreover, UAVs require minimal data acquisition costs and allow for great surveying flexibility, compared to traditional techniques. Information about annual flow velocities and ice volume variations of the Belvedere Glacier may have great value for further understanding glacier dynamics, compute mass balances, or it might be used as input for glacier flow modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1640224977000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mid-Term Monitoring of Glacier\u2019s Variations with UAVs: The Example of the Belvedere Glacier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Enginnering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Enginnering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Cina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"De Michele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Enginnering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Maschio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0482-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Passoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Enginnering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Enginnering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107046","article-title":"Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records","volume":"308","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133306pp478ra","article-title":"The status of research on glaciers and global glacier recession: A review","volume":"30","author":"Barry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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