{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:39:52Z","timestamp":1760236792189,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/M020991\/1","NE\/M021025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/M020991\/1","NE\/M021025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF-2018-584\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2018-584\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2FRP2\/174888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2FRP2\/174888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice surface albedo is a primary modulator of melt and runoff, yet our understanding of how reflectance varies over time across the Greenland Ice Sheet remains poor. This is due to a disconnect between point or transect scale albedo sampling and the coarser spatial, spectral and\/or temporal resolutions of available satellite products. Here, we present time-series of bare-ice surface reflectance data that span a range of length scales, from the 500 m for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer\u2019s MOD10A1 product, to 10 m for Sentinel-2 imagery, 0.1 m spot measurements from ground-based field spectrometry, and 2.5 cm from uncrewed aerial drone imagery. Our results reveal broad similarities in seasonal patterns in bare-ice reflectance, but further analysis identifies short-term dynamics in reflectance distribution that are unique to each dataset. Using these distributions, we demonstrate that areal mean reflectance is the primary control on local ablation rates, and that the spatial distribution of specific ice types and impurities is secondary. Given the rapid changes in mean reflectance observed in the datasets presented, we propose that albedo parameterizations can be improved by (i) quantitative assessment of the representativeness of time-averaged reflectance data products, and, (ii) using temporally-resolved functions to describe the variability in impurity distribution at daily time-scales. We conclude that the regional melt model performance may not be optimally improved by increased spatial resolution and the incorporation of sub-pixel heterogeneity, but instead, should focus on the temporal dynamics of bare-ice albedo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal Variability of Surface Reflectance Supersedes Spatial Resolution in Defining Greenland\u2019s Bare-Ice Albedo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristram D. L.","family":"Irvine-Fynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Bunting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alun","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, UiT\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Barrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Climate Research Group, School of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6856 Sogndal, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom O.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Huss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8702-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B.","family":"McQuaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Naegeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Geography, Universit\u00e4t Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Z\u00fcrich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osian","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Tedstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyn","family":"Tranter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0752-4","article-title":"Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming","volume":"564","author":"Trusel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1336","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6771","article-title":"Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice-sheet melt and mass-balance change","volume":"41","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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