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Regardless of their purpose, fires release a considerable amount of pollutants into the atmosphere, with severe consequences for human health. This paper adds to the extant literature by measuring the causal effect of fires on hospitalizations, using the approach of instrumental variables, whose validity is assessed with multiple statistical tests. A wide range of confounders are added as covariates, seizing on the accuracy enhancement potential of a broad and fine-grained dataset that covers 14 years of the whole Amazon territory at a municipal\u2013monthly level. The results reveal a positive effect of fire on hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in general, and particularly in those due to asthma. A 1% increase in pollution concentration would increase hospitalizations by 0.14% at a municipality\u2013monthly level. A total of 5% of respiratory hospitalizations were estimated to be attributable to fire-induced pollution, corresponding to 822 cases per month. The analysis demonstrates that the coupling of econometrics and remote sensing data is a promising avenue towards the assessment of impacts caused by fires, which may be applied to other regions of the world subjected to anthropogenic fires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Hospitalization Due to Fire-Induced Pollution in the Brazilian Legal Amazon from 2005 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley Augusto","family":"Campanharo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Remote Sensing Division, Av. Dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12.227-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6794-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, Bairro Anchieta, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09.606-045, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A. M.","family":"Christofoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana O.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (Cemaden), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico, Rua Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12.247-016, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassou, E. (2018). 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