{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:40:33Z","timestamp":1760236833462,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The North China Craton (NCC) has experienced strong tectonic deformation and lithospheric thinning since the Cenozoic. To better constrain the geodynamic processes and mechanisms of the lithospheric deformation, we used a linear damped least squares method to invert simultaneously Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy at periods of 10\u201380 s with teleseismic data recorded by 388 permanent stations in the NCC and its adjacent areas. The results reveal that the anomalies of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy are in good agreement with the tectonic domains in the study area. Low-phase velocities appear in the rift grabens and sedimentary basins at short periods. A rotation pattern of the fast axis direction of the Rayleigh wave together with a distinct low-velocity anomaly occurs around the Datong volcano. A NW\u2013SE trending azimuthal anisotropy and a low-velocity anomaly at periods of 60\u201380 s are observed subparallel to the Zhangbo fault zone. The whole lithosphere domain of the Ordos block shows a high-phase velocity and counterclockwise rotated fast axis. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau is dominated by a low-velocity and coherent NW\u2013SE fast axis direction. We infer that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate and eastward material escape of the Tibetan plateau mainly contribute to the deformation of the crust and upper mantle in the NCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:20:43Z","timestamp":1640654443000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deformation of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the North China Craton and Its Adjacent Areas Constrained by Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity and Azimuthal Anisotropy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Source Physics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dazhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Source Physics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1992)020<0339:ROMCIT>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Remnants of \u22653800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean craton","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9268(00)00154-6","article-title":"Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: Lithological, geochemical, structural and P\u2013T path constraints and tectonic evolution","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Precambrian Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1029\/2002TC001484","article-title":"Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China: Termination of the central Asian orogenic belt","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2008.10.001","article-title":"Early Paleozoic to Devonian multiple-accretionary model for the Qilian Shan, NW China","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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