{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:52:13Z","timestamp":1787507533791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-77-10052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-77-10052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-17-00278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-17-00278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-00429-21-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-00429-21-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0128-2021-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0128-2021-0014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we investigate the intensity of eddy generation and their properties in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) regions of Fram Strait and around Svalbard using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Envisat ASAR and Sentinel-1 in winter 2007 and 2018. Analysis of 2039 SAR images allowed identifying 4619 eddy signatures. The number of eddies detected per image per kilometer of MIZ length is similar for both years. Submesoscale and small mesoscale eddies dominate with cyclones detected twice more frequently than anticyclones. Eddy diameters range from 1 to 68 km with mean values of 6 km and 12 km over shallow and deep water, respectively. Mean eddy size grows with increasing ice concentration in the MIZ, yet most eddies are detected at the ice edge and where the ice concentration is below 20%. The fraction of sea ice trapped in cyclones (53%) is slightly higher than that in anticyclones (48%). The amount of sea ice trapped by a single \u2018mean\u2019 eddy is about 40 km2, while the average horizontal retreat of the ice edge due to eddy-induced ice melt is about 0.2\u20130.5 km\u00b7d\u20131 \u00b1 0.02 km\u00b7d\u20131. Relation of eddy occurrence to background currents and winds is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1640765535000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Eddies in the Marginal Ice Zone of Fram Strait and Svalbard from Spaceborne SAR Observations in Winter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Igor E.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana A.","family":"Atadzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"},{"name":"Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC07p06754","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone during the 1983 and 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiments","volume":"92","author":"Johannessen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1126\/science.236.4800.427","article-title":"Ice-edge eddies in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone","volume":"236","author":"Johannessen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1126\/science.236.4800.429","article-title":"Remote sensing of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone","volume":"236","author":"Shuchman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC05p02770","article-title":"An ice-water vortex at the edge of the East Greenland Current","volume":"88","author":"Wadhams","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015587","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015587","article-title":"The observed seasonal cycle of submesoscale processes in the Antarctic marginal ice zone","volume":"125","author":"Biddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.413","article-title":"The evolution of a shallow front in the Arctic marginal ice zone","volume":"8","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anth."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-2941-2020","article-title":"Brief Communication: Mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics in the marginal ice zone from sequential synthetic aperture radar observations","volume":"14","author":"Kozlov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9455","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012895","article-title":"Submesoscale sea ice\u2013ocean interactions in marginal ice zones","volume":"122","author":"Manucharyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086649","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086649","article-title":"Submesoscale fronts in the Antarctic marginal ice zone and their response to wind forcing","volume":"47","author":"Swart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077897","article-title":"Observations of a submesoscale cyclonic filament in the marginal ice zone","volume":"45","author":"Wekerle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013198","article-title":"Mesoscale eddy activity and transport in the Atlantic Water inflow region north of Svalbard","volume":"123","author":"Crews","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068323","article-title":"Eddy-driven recirculation of Atlantic Water in Fram Strait","volume":"43","author":"Hattermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088550","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088550","article-title":"Eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean from a global simulation with a 1-km Arctic","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012974","article-title":"Eddy-resolving simulation of the Atlantic water circulation in the Fram Strait with focus on the seasonal cycle","volume":"122","author":"Wekerle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.5194\/os-16-1225-2020","article-title":"Properties and dynamics of mesoscale eddies in Fram Strait from a comparison between two high-resolution ocean\u2013sea ice models","volume":"16","author":"Wekerle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"75","article-title":"Satellite radar observations of small eddies in the White, Barents and Kara Seas","volume":"2","author":"Atadzhanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.241","article-title":"Ice and ocean velocity in the Arctic marginal ice zone: Ice roughness and momentum transfer","volume":"5","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anth."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Bondevik, E. (2011). Studies of Eddies in the Marginal Ice Zone along the East Greenland Current Using Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). [Master\u2019s Thesis, The University of Bergen]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0184.1","article-title":"Seasonal cycle of mesoscale instability of the West Spitsbergen Current","volume":"46","author":"Schauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dokken, S.T., and Wahl, T. (1996). Observations of Spiral Eddies along the Norwegian Coast in ERS SAR Image, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE). Rep. 96\/01463."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.10.027","article-title":"Spiral eddies in the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas as seen by satellite radar data","volume":"50","author":"Karimova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112023","article-title":"Statistical Analyses of Eddies in the Western Mediterranean Sea based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery","volume":"250","author":"Stuhlmacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015113","article-title":"Eddies in the Western Arctic Ocean from spaceborne SAR observations over open ocean and marginal ice zones","volume":"124","author":"Kozlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015832","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015832","article-title":"Eddies in the North Greenland Sea and Fram Strait from satellite altimetry, SAR and high-resolution model data","volume":"125","author":"Bashmachnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.21046\/2070-7401-2020-17-7-167-177","article-title":"Properties of eddies near Svalbard and in Fram Strait from spaceborne SAR observations in summer","volume":"17","author":"Petrenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sovr. Probl. DZZ Kosm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001433815090121","article-title":"Characteristics of short-period internal waves in the Kara Sea inferred from satellite SAR data","volume":"58","author":"Kozlov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(83)90047-6","article-title":"Digital image smoothing and the sigma filter","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Comput. Gr. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003384","article-title":"Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89 GHz channels","volume":"113","author":"Spreen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052219","article-title":"The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0","volume":"39","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1285078","article-title":"Observations of asymmetric turbulent stirring in inner and marginal seas using satellite imagery","volume":"38","author":"Karimova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2012.01.005","article-title":"Mixing in the Barents Sea polar front near hopen in spring","volume":"130","author":"Fer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2021.104523","article-title":"High-amplitude internal waves southeast of Spitsbergen","volume":"227","author":"Marchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-018-1239-4","article-title":"Physical mechanisms of submesoscale eddies generation: Evidences from laboratory modeling and satellite data in the Black Sea","volume":"69","author":"Zatsepin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-967-2014","article-title":"The Rossby radius in the Arctic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Nurser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437015010105","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies in the Black Sea from satellite altimetry data","volume":"55","author":"Kubryakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC07p07012","article-title":"Bottom ablation and heat transfer coefficients from the 1983 Marginal Ice Zone Experiments","volume":"92","author":"Josberger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"701","article-title":"Dynamics and thermodynamics of the ice\/upper ocean system in the marginal ice zone of the Greenland Sea","volume":"92","author":"McPhee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015799","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015799","article-title":"Springtime export of Arctic sea ice influences phytoplankton production in the Greenland Sea","volume":"125","author":"Mayot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumata, H., de Steur, L., Gerland, S., Divine, D., and Pavlova, O. (2021). Unprecedented decline of Arctic sea ice outflow in 2018. Res. Square, 1\u201334.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-376386\/v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016670","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016670","article-title":"Large mesoscale eddies in the Western Arctic Ocean from satellite altimetry measurements","volume":"126","author":"Kubryakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1145367","article-title":"Improved statistics of sub-mesoscale eddies in the Baltic Sea retrieved from SAR imagery","volume":"37","author":"Karimova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulze, H., Korosov, A., and Brajard, J. (2020). Classification of Sea Ice Types in Sentinel-1 SAR Data Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132165"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-2629-2020","article-title":"Classification of sea ice types in Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016404","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016404","article-title":"Sea-ice melt driven by ice-ocean stresses on the mesoscale","volume":"125","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/1\/134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:25Z","timestamp":1760169325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/1\/134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14010134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14010134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}}}