{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:38:43Z","timestamp":1772548723103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1440297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1440297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001395","name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urban heat island (UHI) effect, the phenomenon by which cities are warmer than rural surroundings, is increasingly important in a rapidly urbanizing and warming world, but fine-scale differences in temperature within cities are difficult to observe accurately. Networks of air temperature (Tair) sensors rarely offer the spatial density needed to capture neighborhood-level disparities in warming, while satellite measures of land surface temperature (LST) do not reflect the air temperatures that people physically experience. This analysis combines both Tair measurements recorded by a spatially-dense stationary sensor network in Dane County, Wisconsin, and remotely-sensed measurements of LST over the same area\u2014to improve the use and interpretation of LST in UHI studies. The data analyzed span three summer months (June, July, and August) and eight years (2012\u20132019). Overall, Tair and LST displayed greater agreement in spatial distribution than in magnitude. The relationship between day of the year and correlation was fit to a parabolic curve (R2 = 0.76, p = 0.0002) that peaked in late July. The seasonal evolution in the relationship between Tair and LST, along with particularly high variability in LST across agricultural land cover suggest that plant phenology contributes to a seasonally varying relationship between Tair and LST measurements of the UHI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Dynamic Relationship between Air and Land Surface Temperature within the Madison, Wisconsin Urban Heat Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Kucharik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15788-7","article-title":"Mapping global urban land for the 21st century with data-driven simulations and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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