{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:22:07Z","timestamp":1768814527510,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bohai Sea ice creates obstacles for maritime navigation and offshore activities. A better understanding of ice conditions is valuable for sea-ice management. The evolution of 67 years of seasonal ice thickness in a coastal region (Yingkou) in the Northeast Bohai Sea was simulated by using a snow\/ice thermodynamic model, using local weather-station data. The model was first validated by using seasonal ice observations from field campaigns and a coastal radar (the season of 2017\/2018). The model simulated seasonal ice evolution well, particularly ice growth. We found that the winter seasonal mean air temperature in Yingkou increased by 0.33 \u00b0C\/decade slightly higher than air temperature increase (0.27 \u00b0C\/decade) around Bohai Sea. The decreasing wind-speed trend (0.05 m\/s perdecade) was a lot weaker than that averaged (0.3 m\/s per decade) between the early 1970s and 2010s around the entire Bohai Sea. The multi-decadal ice-mass balance revealed decreasing trends of the maximum and average ice thickness of 2.6 and 0.8 cm\/decade, respectively. The length of the ice season was shortened by 3.7 days\/decade, and ice breakup dates were advanced by 2.3 days\/decade. All trends were statistically significant. The modeled seasonal maximum ice thickness is highly correlated (0.83, p &lt; 0.001) with the Bohai Sea Ice Index (BoSI) used to quantify the severity of the Bohai Sea ice condition. The freezing-up date, however, showed a large interannual variation without a clear trend. The simulations indicated that Bohai ice thickness has grown continuously thinner since 1951\/1952. The time to reach 0.15 m level ice was delayed from 3 January to 21 January, and the ending time advanced from 6 March to 19 February. There was a significant weakening of ice conditions in the 1990s, followed by some recovery in 2000s. The relationship between large-scale climate indices and ice condition suggested that the AO and NAO are strongly correlated with interannual changes in sea-ice thickness in the Yingkou region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Long-Term Ice Conditions in Yingkou, a Coastal Region Northeast of the Bohai Sea, between 1951\/1952 and 2017\/2018: Modeling and Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuxian","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Honghua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<0449:TROSII>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The role of sea ice in 2 \u00d7 CO2 climate model sensitivity: Part I. 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