{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:03:38Z","timestamp":1778663018742,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,2]],"date-time":"2022-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wuhan University 351 Talent Program","award":["20200013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200013"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Science","award":["20210351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210351"]}]},{"name":"Qinghai Department of Science and Technology 2019 Innovation Platform Construction Special Project","award":["2019-ZJ-T04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-ZJ-T04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small water bodies ranging in size from 1 to 50,000 m2, are numerous, widely distributed, and have various functions in water storage, agriculture, and fisheries. Small water bodies used for agriculture and fisheries are economically significant in China, hence it is important to properly identify and analyze them. In remote sensing technology, water body identification based on band analysis, image classification, and water indices are often designed for large, homogenous water bodies. Traditional water indices are often less accurate for small water bodies, which often contain submerged or floating plants or easily confused with hill shade. Water quality inversion commonly depends on establishing the relationship between the concentration of water constituents and the observed spectral reflectance. However, individual variation in water quality in small water bodies is enormous and often far beyond the range of existing water quality inversion models. In this study, we propose a method for small water body identification and water quality estimation and test its applicability in Wuhan. The kappa coefficient of small water body identification is over 0.95, and the coefficient of determination of the water quality inversion model is over 0.9. Our results show that the method proposed in this study can be employed to accurately monitor the dynamics of small water bodies. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intensity of human activities decreased. As a response, significant changes in the water quality of small water bodies were observed. The results also suggest that the water quality of small water bodies under different production modes (intensive\/casual) respond differently in spatial and temporal dimensions to the decrease in human activities. These results illustrate that effective remote sensing monitoring of small water bodies can provide valuable information on water quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Small Water Body Detection and Water Quality Variations with Changing Human Activity Intensity in Wuhan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lingjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanjuan","family":"Bie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haocheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanghong","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guofeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9225-8","article-title":"The ecology of European ponds: Defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat","volume":"597","author":"Biggs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.748","article-title":"Ponds and pools as model systems in conservation biology, ecology and evolutionary biology","volume":"15","author":"Meester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. 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