{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:08:30Z","timestamp":1782482910490,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Funds for Central Government Guidance to Local Governments for Science and Technology Development in Shenzhen","award":["2021Szvup020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Szvup020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT19RC(4)020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT19RC(4)020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT21JC23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT21JC23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most recommended tools for routine inspection of tunnel linings. However, the rebars in the reinforced concrete produce a strong shielding effect on the electromagnetic waves, which may hinder the interpretation of GPR data. In this work, we proposed a method to improve the identification of tunnel lining voids by designing a generative adversarial network-based rebar clutter elimination network (RCE-GAN). The designed network has two sets of generators and discriminators, and by introducing the cycle-consistency loss, the network is capable of learning high-level features between unpaired GPR images. In addition, an attention module and a dilation center part were designed in the network to improve the network performance. Validation of the proposed method was conducted on both synthetic and real-world GPR images, collected from the implementation of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and a controlled physical model experiment, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is promising for its lower demand on the training dataset and the improvement in the identification of tunnel lining voids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["RCE-GAN: A Rebar Clutter Elimination Network to Improve Tunnel Lining Void Detection from GPR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunxu","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6818-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiesuo","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.100","article-title":"GPR applications in structural detailing of a major tunnel using different frequency antenna systems","volume":"158","author":"Alani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. 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