{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:18:58Z","timestamp":1780553938964,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008861","name":"United Kingdom Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/S001891\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/S001891\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/K000977\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/K000977\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M663073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M663073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose using coupled deep learning based super-resolution restoration (SRR) and single-image digital terrain model (DTM) estimation (SDE) methods to produce subpixel-scale topography from single-view ESA Trace Gas Orbiter Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) and NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images. We present qualitative and quantitative assessments of the resultant 2 m\/pixel CaSSIS SRR DTM mosaic over the ESA and Roscosmos Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover\u2019s (RFEXM22) planned landing site at Oxia Planum. Quantitative evaluation shows SRR improves the effective resolution of the resultant CaSSIS DTM by a factor of 4 or more, while achieving a fairly good height accuracy measured by root mean squared error (1.876 m) and structural similarity (0.607), compared to the ultra-high-resolution HiRISE SRR DTMs at 12.5 cm\/pixel. We make available, along with this paper, the resultant CaSSIS SRR image and SRR DTM mosaics, as well as HiRISE full-strip SRR images and SRR DTMs, to support landing site characterisation and future rover engineering for the RFEXM22.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Subpixel-Scale Topography Retrieval of Mars Using Single-Image DTM Estimation and Super-Resolution Restoration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1054-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siting","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Peter","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Institute for Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Plan\u00e9tologie et G\u00e9odynamique, CNRS, UMR 6112, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 44300 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Paar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Cremonese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, Universit\u00e4t Bern, Siedlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3684.627","article-title":"Mariner IV photography of Mars: Initial results","volume":"149","author":"Leighton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23291","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001306","article-title":"Overview of the Mars global surveyor mission","volume":"106","author":"Albee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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