{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:47:28Z","timestamp":1760402848911,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our simulated lunar regolith spectra database, based on the Hapke AMSA radiative transfer model (RTM), is a large supplement to the limited number of lunar spectra data. By analyzing the multiple solutions and applicable scopes of the Hapke model by means of Newton interpolation and the least square optimization method, an improved method was found for the simulation of spectra, but it remained challenging to use to invert mineral abundance. Then, we simulated the spectra, mineral abundance, particle size and maturity of 57 mare and highland samples of the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) in size groups of 10 \u00b5m, 10\u201320 \u00b5m and 20\u201345 \u00b5m. The simulated and measured spectra fit well with each other, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and root mean square errors at a magnitude of 10-3. The parameters of mineral abundance, particle size and maturity are highly consistent with the measured values. Having confirmed the reliability of our simulation method, we analyzed the mechanism, reliability and applicability of the \u201cspectral characteristic angle parameter\u201d proposed by Lucey using the simulated spectral data of lunar regolith. Lucey\u2019s method is only suitable for macro analysis of the entire moon, and the error is large when it is used for areas with high abundance of forsterite or ilmenite. In the spectral simulation of lunar regolith, olivine was subdivided into forsterite and fayalite, and the two end-members were mixed to approximately estimate the effect of the chemical composition of olivine on the spectra, which has been confirmed to be feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two Simulated Spectral Databases of Lunar Regolith: Method, Validation, and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2120-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Hebei Bureau of Coal Geological Exploration, Shijiazhuang 050085, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Rd, King\u2019s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Yuan","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5214.1150","article-title":"Abundance and Distribution of Iron on the Moon","volume":"268","author":"Lucey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08317","article-title":"The global distribution of pure anorthosite on the Moon","volume":"461","author":"Ohtake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1458","article-title":"Asymmetric crustal growth on the Moon indicated by primitive farside highland materials","volume":"5","author":"Ohtake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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