{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:38:13Z","timestamp":1760402293256,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-ZVN6, ZVU1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVN6, ZVU1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB2103102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["T22-505\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T22-505\/19-N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landslide trails are important elements of landslide inventory maps, providing valuable information for landslide risk and hazard assessment. Compared with traditional manual mapping, skeletonization methods offer a more cost-efficient way to map landslide trails, by automatically generating centerlines from landslide polygons. However, a challenge to existing skeletonization methods is that expert knowledge and manual intervention are required to obtain a branchless skeleton, which limits the applicability of these methods. To address this problem, a new workflow for landslide trail extraction (LTE) is proposed in this study. To avoid generating redundant branches and to improve the degree of automation, two endpoints, i.e., the crown point and the toe point, of the trail were determined first, with reference to the digital elevation model. Thus, a fire extinguishing model (FEM) is proposed to generate skeletons without redundant branches. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified, by extracting landslide trails from landslide polygons of various shapes and sizes, in two study areas. Experimental results show that, compared with the traditional grassfire model-based skeletonization method, the proposed FEM is capable of obtaining landslide trails without spurious branches. More importantly, compared with the baseline method in our previous work, the proposed LTE workflow can avoid problems including incompleteness, low centrality, and direction errors. This method requires no parameter tuning and yields excellent performance, and is thus highly valuable for practical landslide mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1641852193000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Landslide Trail Extraction Using Fire Extinguishing Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhewei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linya","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1080\/014311601131000082424","article-title":"Characterization of Rainfall-Induced Landslides","volume":"24","author":"Dai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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