{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:15:07Z","timestamp":1770740107162,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Amazon Basin is undergoing extensive environmental degradation as a result of deforestation and the rising occurrence of fires. The degradation caused by fires is exacerbated by the occurrence of anomalously dry periods in the Amazon Basin. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the extent of areas that burned between 2001 and 2019 and relate them to extreme drought events in a 20-year time series; (ii) to identify the proportion of countries comprising the Amazon Basin in which environmental degradation was strongly observed, relating the spatial patterns of fires; and (iii) examine the Amazon Basin carbon balance following the occurrence of fires. To this end, the following variables were evaluated by remote sensing between 2001 and 2019: gross primary production, standardized precipitation index, burned areas, fire foci, and carbon emissions. During the examined period, fires affected 23.78% of the total Amazon Basin. Brazil had the largest affected area (220,087 fire foci, 773,360 km2 burned area, 54.7% of the total burned in the Amazon Basin), followed by Bolivia (102,499 fire foci, 571,250 km2 burned area, 40.4%). Overall, these fires have not only affected forests in agricultural frontier areas (76.91%), but also those in indigenous lands (17.16%) and conservation units (5.93%), which are recognized as biodiversity conservation areas. During the study period, the forest absorbed 1,092,037 Mg of C, but emitted 2908 Tg of C, which is 2.66-fold greater than the C absorbed, thereby compromising the role of the forest in acting as a C sink. Our findings show that environmental degradation caused by fires is related to the occurrence of dry periods in the Amazon Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1641978636000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fires Drive Long-Term Environmental Degradation in the Amazon Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Antonio da","family":"Silva Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Sinop 78555-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9284-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mendelson","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Alta Floresta 78580-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Eduardo","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapad\u00e3o do Sul 79560-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco de","family":"Oliveira-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Macei\u00f3 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fernando Saragosa","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0448-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Miky","family":"Funatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, UMR6554 LETG, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, CEDEX 3, 44312 Nantes, France"}]},{"given":"Weslei","family":"Butturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Alta Floresta 78580-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds","family":"Louren\u00e7oni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Alta Floresta 78580-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Kraeski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Deoti","family":"Pelissari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Alta Floresta 78580-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francielli Aloisio","family":"Moratelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Arvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, UMR6554 LETG COSTEL, 35000 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Iago Manuelson dos Santos","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Alta Floresta 78580-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8121-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa Pereira Ribeiro","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapad\u00e3o do Sul 79560-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Dubreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, UMR6554 LETG COSTEL, 35000 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Modolo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Sinop 78555-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac6759","article-title":"Forest Health and Global Change","volume":"349","author":"Trumbore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14283","article-title":"Long-Term Decline of the Amazon Carbon 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