{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:14:18Z","timestamp":1776330858543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2019YFC1805003 and 2020YFC1806505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1805003 and 2020YFC1806505"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The large-scale development and utilization of coal resources have brought great challenges to the ecological environment of coal-mining areas. Therefore, this paper has used scientific and effective methods to monitor and evaluate whether changes in ecological environment quality in coal-mining areas are helpful to alleviate the contradiction between human and nature and realize the sustainable development of such coal-mining areas. Firstly, in order to quantify the degree of coal dust pollution in coal-mining areas, an index-based coal dust index (ICDI) is proposed. Secondly, based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework, a new coal-mine ecological index (CMEI) was established by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Finally, the coal-mine ecological index (CMEI) was used to evaluate and detect the temporal and spatial changes of the ecological environment quality of the Ningwu Coalfield from 1987 to 2021. The research shows that ICDI has a strong ability to extract coal dust with an overall accuracy of over 96% and a Kappa coefficient of over 0.9. As a normalized difference index, ICDI can better quantify the pollution degree of coal dust. The effectiveness of CMEI was evaluated by four methods: sample image-based, classification-based, correlation-based, and distance-based. From 1987 to 2021, the ecological environment quality of Ningwu Coalfield was improved, and the mean of CMEI increased by 0.1189. The percentages of improvement and degradation of ecological environment quality were 71.85% and 27.01%, respectively. The areas with obvious degradation were mainly concentrated in coal-mining areas and built-up areas. The ecological environment quality of Pingshuo Coal Mine, Shuonan Coal Mine, Xuangang Coal Mine, and Lanxian Coal Mine also showed improvement. The results of Moran\u2019s Index show that CMEI has a strong positive spatial correlation, and its spatial distribution is clustered rather than random. Coal-mining areas and built-up areas showed low\u2013low clustering (LL), while other areas showed high\u2013high clustering (HH). The utilization and popularization of CMEI provides an important reference for decision makers to formulate ecological protection policies and implement regional coordinated development strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1641978636000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Remote-Sensing Evaluation and Temporal and Spatial Change Detection of Ecological Environment Quality in Coal-Mining Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinran","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7570-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8773","article-title":"China\u2019s ambitious energy transition plans","volume":"373","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02927-9","article-title":"How China could be carbon neutral by mid-century","volume":"586","author":"Mallapaty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.15302\/J-SSCAE-2021.01.017","article-title":"Strategies and Countermeasures for Ensuring Energy Security in China","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strateg. 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