{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:40:53Z","timestamp":1772044853669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904142, 41822403, 41774165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904142, 41822403, 41774165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE0131400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0131400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the features of the ionospheric mid-latitude trough over North America by using the MIT total electron content data obtained during three geomagnetic storms that occurred in August 2018, September 2017, and March 2015. The mid-latitude trough position sharply moves equatorward from the quiet-time subauroral latitude to mid-latitude with the decrease in SYM-H during geomagnetic storms. We find that the ionospheric behavior of TEC around the mid-latitude trough position displays three kinds of ionospheric storm effect: negative ionospheric storm effect, unchanged ionospheric behavior, and positive ionospheric storm effect. These ionospheric storm effects around the mid-latitude trough position are not always produced by the mid-latitude trough. The ionospheric storm effects produced by the mid-latitude trough are limited in the narrow mid-latitude trough regions, and are transmitted to other regions with the movement of the mid-latitude trough.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Feature of Ionospheric Mid-Latitude Trough during Geomagnetic Storms Derived from GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijun","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Mohe National Observatory of Geology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Mohe National Observatory of Geology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yang-Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Chunliang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Guangliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i011p02635","article-title":"F-layer ionization troughs deduced from Alouette data","volume":"70","author":"Muldrew","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. 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