{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T01:09:23Z","timestamp":1783213763244,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1400901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007166","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2018T22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2018T22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP.1\/372\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/372\/42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SEMARA approach, an integration of the Simplified and Robust Surface Reflectance Estimation (SREM) and Simplified Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA) methods, was used to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from a Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) at 30 m spatial resolution, a Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 500 m resolution, and a Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 750 m resolution over bright urban surfaces in Beijing. The SEMARA approach coupled (1) the SREM method that is used to estimate the surface reflectance, which does not require information about water vapor, ozone, and aerosol, and (2) the SARA algorithm, which uses the surface reflectance estimated by SREM and AOD measurements obtained from the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) site (or other high-quality AOD) as the input to estimate AOD without prior information on the aerosol optical and microphysical properties usually obtained from a look-up table constructed from long-term AERONET data. In the present study, AOD measurements were obtained from the Beijing AERONET site. The SEMARA AOD retrievals were validated against AOD measurements obtained from two other AERONET sites located at urban locations in Beijing, i.e., Beijing_RADI and Beijing_CAMS, over bright surfaces. The accuracy and uncertainties\/errors in the AOD retrievals were assessed using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r), root mean squared error (RMSE), relative mean bias (RMB), and expected error (EE = \u00b1 0.05 \u00b1 20%). EE is the envelope encompassing both absolute and relative errors and contains 68% (\u00b11\u03c3) of the good quality retrievals based on global validation. Here, the EE of the MODIS Dark Target algorithm at 3 km resolution is used to report the good quality SEMARA AOD retrievals. The validation results show that AOD from SEMARA correlates well with AERONET AOD measurements with high correlation coefficients (r) of 0.988, 0.980, and 0.981; small RMSE of 0.08, 0.09, and 0.08; and small RMB of 4.33%, 1.28%, and \u22120.54%. High percentages of retrievals, i.e., 85.71%, 91.53%, and 90.16%, were within the EE for Landsat 8 OLI, MODIS, and VIIRS, respectively. The results suggest that the SEMARA approach is capable of retrieving AOD over urban areas with high accuracy and small errors using high to medium spatial resolution satellite remote sensing data. This approach can be used for aerosol monitoring over bright urban surfaces such as in Beijing, which is frequently affected by severe dust storms and haze pollution, to evaluate their effects on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Integration of Surface Reflectance and Aerosol Retrieval Algorithms for Multi-Resolution Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals over Urban Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Mhawish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Arfan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet E.","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1649-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit de","family":"Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), R & D Satellite Observations, 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (AirCAS), No. 20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled Mohamed","family":"Khedher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2238-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing & Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0723-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max P.","family":"Bleiweiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Land and Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.023","article-title":"Evaluation of seven European aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithms for climate analysis","volume":"162","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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