{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:56:18Z","timestamp":1775872578152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 12073012- 2817\/E4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 12073012- 2817\/E4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project scheme of the Publication Writing-IPR Incentive Program (PPHKI), and World Class Professor Program with grant number","award":["2817\/E4. 1\/KK.04.05\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2817\/E4. 1\/KK.04.05\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of ionospheric disturbances associated with the two large strike-slip earthquakes in Indonesia was investigated, which are West Sumatra on 2 March 2016 (Mw = 7.8), and Palu on 28 September 2018 (Mw = 7.5). The anomalies were observed by measuring co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The results show positive and negative CIDs polarization changes for the 2016 West Sumatra earthquake, depending on the position of the satellite line-of-sight, while the 2018 Palu earthquake shows negative changes only due to differences in co-seismic vertical crustal displacement. The 2016 West Sumatra earthquake caused uplift and subsidence, while the 2018 Palu earthquake was dominated by subsidence. TEC anomalies occurred about 10 to 15 min after the two earthquakes with amplitude of 2.9 TECU and 0.4 TECU, respectively. The TEC anomaly amplitude was also affected by the magnitude of the earthquake moment. The disturbance signal propagated with a velocity of ~1\u20131.72 km s\u22121 for the 2016 West Sumatra earthquake and ~0.97\u20131.08 km s\u22121 for the 2018 Palu mainshock earthquake, which are consistent with acoustic waves. The wave also caused an oscillation signal of \u223c4 mHz, and their azimuthal asymmetry of propagation confirmed the phenomena in the Southern Hemisphere. The CID signal could be identified at a distance of around 400\u20131500 km from the epicenter in the southwestern direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances Following the 2016 West Sumatra and 2018 Palu Earthquakes from GPS and GLONASS Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mokhamad Nur","family":"Cahyadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center for Science-Technology of Marine and Earth, Directorate of Research and Community Service Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Buldan","family":"Muslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, LAPAN, Bandung 40173, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Danar Guruh","family":"Pratomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ira Mutiara","family":"Anjasmara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9934-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deasy","family":"Arisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, BRIN, Bandung 40135, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ririn Wuri","family":"Rahayu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Irena Hana","family":"Hariyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuanggen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Ihsan Naufal","family":"Muafiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey and Mapping Department, Sinar Mas of Polytechnic Berau Coal, Kecamatan Tanjung Redeb, Berau 77315, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-020-00014-y","article-title":"PPP models and performances from single- to quad-frequency BDS observations","volume":"1","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satell. 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