{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:03:28Z","timestamp":1776924208480,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Permafrost thaw resulting from climate warming is threatening to release carbon from high latitude peatlands. The aim of this research was to determine subsidence rates linked to permafrost thaw in sub-Arctic peatlands in Sweden using historical orthophotographic (orthophotos), Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. The orthophotos showed that the permafrost palsa on the study sites have been contracting in their areal extent, with the greatest rates of loss between 2002 and 2008. The surface motion estimated from differential digital elevation models from the UAV data showed high levels of subsidence (maximum of \u221225 cm between 2017 and 2020) around the edges of the raised palsa plateaus. The InSAR data analysis showed that raised palsa areas had the greatest subsidence rates, with maximum subsidence rates of 1.5 cm between 2017 and 2020; however, all wetland vegetation types showed subsidence. We suggest that the difference in spatial units associated with each sensor explains parts of the variation in the subsidence levels recorded. We conclude that InSAR was able to identify the areas most at risk of subsidence and that it can be used to investigate subsidence over large spatial extents, whereas UAV data can be used to better understand the dynamics of permafrost degradation at a local level. These findings underpin a monitoring approach for these peatlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1642546052000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Towards a Monitoring Approach for Understanding Permafrost Degradation and Linked Subsidence in Arctic Peatlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Betsabe","family":"de la Barreda-Bautista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen S.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Ledger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Siewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Ume\u00e5, KB H4, Linnaeus v\u00e4g 6, Ume\u00e5 Universitet, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew V.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nottingham Geospatial Institute, Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Large","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nottingham Geospatial Institute, Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Ume\u00e5, KB H4, Linnaeus v\u00e4g 6, Ume\u00e5 Universitet, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sowter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terra Motion Ltd., Ingenuity Centre, Triumph Rd, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Sj\u00f6gersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08240-4","article-title":"Permafrost is warming at a global scale","volume":"10","author":"Biskaborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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