{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:36Z","timestamp":1772252976315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["757526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current satellite remote sensing methods struggle to detect and map forest degradation, which is a critical issue as it is likely a major and growing source of carbon emissions and biodiveristy loss. TanDEM-X InSAR phase height (h\u03d5) is a promising variable for measuring forest disturbances, as it is closely related to the mean canopy height, and thus should decrease if canopy trees are removed. However, previous research has focused on relatively flat terrains, despite the fact that much of the world\u2019s remaining tropical forests are found in hilly areas, and this inevitably introduces artifacts in sideways imaging systems. In this paper, we find a relationship between h\u03d5 and aboveground biomass change in four selectively logged plots in a hilly region of central Gabon. We show that minimising multilooking prior to the calculation of h\u03d5 strengthens this relationship, and that degradation estimates across steep slopes in the surrounding region are improved by selecting data from the most appropriate pass directions on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This shows that TanDEM-X InSAR can measure the magnitude of degradation, and that topographic effects can be mitigated if data from multiple SAR viewing geometries are available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1642546052000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Effective Method for InSAR Mapping of Tropical Forest Degradation in Hilly Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Carstairs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward T. A.","family":"Mitchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iain","family":"McNicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1754-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Burt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9dard Obiang","family":"Ebanega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Omar Bongo University, Libreville, Gabon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anaick Modinga","family":"Dikongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Gabonais d\u2019Etudes et d\u2019Observations Spatiales, Libreville, Gabon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Bueso-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Microwaves and Radar Institute, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2407-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Disney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03629-6","article-title":"Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change","volume":"595","author":"Gatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2035-0","article-title":"Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests","volume":"579","author":"Hubau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0300-2","article-title":"The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change","volume":"559","author":"Mitchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5962","article-title":"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss","volume":"358","author":"Baccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00955.x","article-title":"Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance","volume":"11","author":"Houghton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. 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