{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:14:03Z","timestamp":1768882443099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China(Taiwan)","award":["MOST 104-2923-M-008-003, MOST 108-2111-M-008-028, MOST 108-2625-M-008-011, MOST 108-2811-M-008-595, MOST 108\u20132811\u2013M\u2013008\u2013558, MOST 109-2111-M-008-017, MOST 109-2625-M-008-014, MOST 109-2811-M-008-555, MOST 109-2811-M-008-563, MOST 110\u20132811\u2013M\u2013 008\u2013 566, MOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2923-M-008-003, MOST 108-2111-M-008-028, MOST 108-2625-M-008-011, MOST 108-2811-M-008-595, MOST 108\u20132811\u2013M\u2013008\u2013558, MOST 109-2111-M-008-017, MOST 109-2625-M-008-014, MOST 109-2811-M-008-555, MOST 109-2811-M-008-563, MOST 110\u20132811\u2013M\u2013 008\u2013 566, MOS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the severe threat of tropical cyclones to human life, recent years have witnessed an increase in the investigations on raindrop size distributions of tropical cyclones to improve their quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms and modeling simulations. So far, the raindrop size distributions of tropical cyclones using disdrometer measurements have been conducted at coastal and inland stations, but such studies are still missing for oceanic locations. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, the current study examines\u2014for the first time\u2014the raindrop size distributions of fourteen tropical cyclones observed (during 2003\u20132007) at an oceanic station, Aimeliik, located in the Palau islands in the Western Pacific. The raindrop size distributions of Western Pacific tropical cyclones measured in the Palau islands showed unlike characteristics between stratiform and convective clusters, with a larger mass-weighted mean diameter and smaller normalized intercept parameter in the convective type. The contribution of the drop diameters to the total number concentration showed a gradual decrease with the increase in drop diameter size. Raindrop size distributions of Western Pacific tropical cyclones measured in the Palau islands differed slightly from Taiwan and Japan. The helpfulness of empirical relations in raindrop size distribution in rainfall estimation algorithms of ground-based (Z\u2013R, \u03bc\u2013\u039b, Dm\u2013R, and Nw\u2013R) and remote-sensing (\u03c3m\u2013Dm, \u03bco\u2013Dm, Dm\u2013Zku, and Dm\u2013Zka) radars are evaluated. Furthermore, the present study also related the rainfall kinetic energy of fourteen tropical cyclones with rainfall rate and mass-weighted mean diameter (KEtime\u2013R, KEmm\u2013R, and KEmm\u2013Dm). The raindrop size distribution empirical relations appraised in this study offer a chance to: (1) enhance the rain retrieval algorithms of ground-based, remote sensing radars; and (2) improve rainfall kinetic energy estimations using disdrometers and GPM DPR in rainfall erosivity studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of the Western Pacific Tropical Cyclones Measured in the Palau Islands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balaji Kumar","family":"Seela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jayalakshmi","family":"Janapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Pay-Liam","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"},{"name":"Earthquake-Disaster and Risk Evaluation and Management Center, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Hazard Mitigation and Prevention, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chen-Hau","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Shirooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Coupling of Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Research Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8033-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Hashiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan"}]},{"given":"K. Krishna","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semi-Arid zonal Atmospheric Research Centre, Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cloud microphysical properties, processes, and rainfall estimation opportunities","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radar and Atmospheric Science: A Collection of Essays in Honor of David Atlas. Meteorological Monographs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52028-5","article-title":"An assessment of tropical cyclones rainfall erosivity for Taiwan","volume":"9","author":"Janapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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