{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:22:41Z","timestamp":1778790161762,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31727901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31727901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["2020CXGC010802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXGC010802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migratory insects constitute a valuable component of atmospheric and terrestrial biomass, and their migratory behavior provides abundant information for insect management and ecological effect assessment. Effective monitoring of migratory insects contributes to the evaluation and forecasting of catastrophic migration events, such as pest outbreaks. With a large-scale monitoring technique using S-band weather radar, the insect density is estimated based on the linear relationship between radar reflectivity and the average radar cross-section (RCS) of the insects. However, the average RCS model neglects the morphological and observation parameters of the insects, which reduces the estimation accuracy. In this paper, we established an insect-equivalent RCS model based on the joint probability distribution of \u201cbody length\u2013incident angle\u201d. Then, we observed and extracted the morphological and observational parameters of the migratory insects by conducting a 69-day field experiment, using a Ku-band fully polarimetric entomological radar, in Dongying, Shandong Province, China. Finally, combined with the experimental results and the simulated scattering characteristics of individual insects with different body lengths, the typical insect-equivalent RCS model was established. The RCS of the model fluctuates between 0.233 mm2 and 0.514 mm2, with different incident angles. Our results lay a data foundation for the quantitative analysis of insects by weather radar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insect-Equivalent Radar Cross-Section Model Based on Field Experimental Results of Body Length and Orientation Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Technology in Satellite Navigation (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Technology in Satellite Navigation (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaihang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Technology in Satellite Navigation (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Technology in Satellite Navigation (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Technology in Satellite Navigation (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7582-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127272","article-title":"How and why do insects migrate?","volume":"313","author":"Holland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2217","article-title":"Seasonal insect migrations: Massive, influential, and overlooked","volume":"18","author":"Satterfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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