{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:57:17Z","timestamp":1769972237639,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 654110, HYDRALAB+"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 654110, HYDRALAB+"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research England","award":["Global Challenges Research Fund - University of Bath"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Global Challenges Research Fund - University of Bath"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000287","name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WISE CDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WISE CDT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of coastal regions combined with rising sea levels is leading to an increasing risk of coastal flooding caused by wave overtopping of natural beaches and engineered coastal structures. Previous measurements of wave overtopping have been obtained for static coastal structures using fixed current meters and depth sensors or tanks. These are unsuitable for dynamically stable coastal protection structures however, because the geometry of these structures is expected to evolve under wave action. This study investigates the potential to use elevated 2D laser scanners (Lidar) to remotely sense the flow volumes overtopping the time-varying crest of a porous dynamic cobble berm revetment. Two different analysis methods were used to estimate the wave-by-wave overtopping volumes from measurements of the time-varying free surface elevation with good agreement. The results suggest that the commonly used EurOtop parameterisation can be used to estimate overtopping discharge to an acceptable precision. An advantage of the remote sensing approach reported here is that it enables the spatial distribution of overtopping discharge and infiltration rate to be measured. It was found that the overtopping discharge on a porous dynamic revetment decays rapidly landward of the structure crest, and that this has implications for safety and structure design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Remote Sensing of Wave Overtopping on Dynamic Coastal Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chris E.","family":"Blenkinsopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure, Geotechnics and Water Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom E.","family":"Baldock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure, Geotechnics and Water Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Bayle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure, Geotechnics and Water Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"},{"name":"BRGM, Regional Direction Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 33600 Pessac, France"},{"name":"IFREMER Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France"}]},{"given":"Ollie","family":"Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infrastructure, Geotechnics and Water Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7805-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis P.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Oceanografia, Campus Carreiros, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Italia, Km 8, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"},{"name":"+ATLANTIC LVT, Edif\u00edcio LACS Estrada da Malveira da Serra 920, 2750-834 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2173-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schimmels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum K\u00fcste (FZK), Leibniz University Hannover & Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Merkurstra\u00dfe 11, 30419 Hannover, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Van der Meer, J.W., and Janssen, J. 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