{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:39:07Z","timestamp":1774492747520,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 42130505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42130505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017607","name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. GXWD20201231165807007-20200816003026001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GXWD20201231165807007-20200816003026001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid urbanization has a significant impact on the ecological environment. Net primary productivity (NPP) can effectively reflect the growth of urban vegetation and the carbon sequestration capacity of an ecosystem. Taking the rapidly growing Pearl River Delta (PRD) as our study area, the relative contributions of human activities and climate change to NPP were analyzed using an improved two-step method based on residual trend analysis. The decoupling index was used to compare the coordinated development of socioeconomic factors and the NPP in different time periods. This study lays the foundation for formulating comprehensive and reasonable urban low-carbon development measures. The results showed that (1) NPP decreased significantly before 2010, but by 2019, NPP in most regions of the PRD showed a slight increase. The NPP of new urban land was better than that of original urban land. (2) The negative contribution of climatic factors to NPP was clearer than that of human activities, and human activities contributed positively to NPP outside urban land. (3) The decoupling status of socioeconomic factors and NPP is improving, and the degree of decoupling in 2010\u20132019 was higher than that in 2000\u20132010. In conclusion, as the first forest urban agglomeration in China, the PRD has shown a good implementation of carbon sequestration policies, which can provide a reference for the coordinated development of urbanization and carbon sequestration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Decoupling Relationship between Urbanization and Carbon Sequestration in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xuechen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i2.15428","article-title":"The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate","volume":"44B","author":"Raich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972","article-title":"Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003","volume":"437","author":"Ciais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135541","article-title":"Severe drought events inducing large decrease of net primary productivity in mainland China during 1982\u20132015","volume":"703","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136691","article-title":"The impacts of climate changes and human activities on net primary productivity vary across an ecotone zone in Northwest China","volume":"714","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-01866-4","article-title":"The effects of climate factors and human activities on net primary productivity in Xinjiang","volume":"64","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1697","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the impacts of human activities on net primary productivity","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106013","article-title":"What drives the vegetation dynamics in the Hengduan Mountain region, southwest China: Climate change or human activity?","volume":"112","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135153","article-title":"Assessing ecological risks caused by human activities in rapid urbanization coastal areas: Towards an integrated approach to determining key areas of terrestrial-oceanic ecosystems preservation and restoration","volume":"708","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145648","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of human activities and climate change to vegetation net primary productivity dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13462-1","article-title":"Global urban expansion offsets climate-driven increases in terrestrial net primary productivity","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.03.071","article-title":"Determining the impacts of climate change and urban expansion on terrestrial net primary production in China","volume":"240","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02619","article-title":"Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production","volume":"429","author":"Imhoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084037","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab858c","article-title":"The occupation of cropland by global urban expansion from 1992 to 2016 and its implications","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211349110","article-title":"Global human appropriation of net primary production doubled in the 20th century","volume":"110","author":"Krausmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-019-04363-9","article-title":"Modelling plant water relations and net primary productivity as affected by reclamation cover depth in reclaimed forestlands of northern Alberta","volume":"446","author":"Welegedara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Zhang, C., Wang, Q., Chen, X., Ding, J., and Karamage, F. (2017). Isolating and quantifying the effects of climate and CO2 changes (1980\u20132014) on the net primary productivity in arid and semiarid China. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8030060"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.058","article-title":"Disentangling the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on arid and semiarid grasslands in Central Asia during 1982\u20132015","volume":"653","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3885","article-title":"Effects of land use changes on the nonlinear trends of net primary productivity in arid and semiarid areas, China","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"L. Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Sun, R., Peng, D., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zheng, S., Zhang, J., Bai, J., and Li, Q. (2021). Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Net Primary Productivity in China\u2019s Urban Lands during 1982\u20132015. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030400"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105542","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of LUCC on NPP and its influencing factors in the Yangtze River basin, China","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96742-5","article-title":"The effects of ecological rehabilitation projects on the resilience of an extremely drought-prone desert riparian forest ecosystem in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"948","article-title":"Spatio-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of vegetation net primary productivity using GIS and CASA: A case study in Yuanyang county, Yunnan","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.117990","article-title":"Afforestation promotes the enhancement of forest LAI and NPP in China","volume":"462","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.03.009","article-title":"Global patterns of vegetation carbon use efficiency and their climate drivers deduced from MODIS satellite data and process-based models","volume":"256\u2013257","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.002","article-title":"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2016.0177","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of China shrubland net primary production and its response to climate change from 2001 to 2013","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, T., and Long, L.H. (2021, January 15\u201317). Quantitative Assessment of NPP Changes in the Yellow River Source Area from 2001 to 2017. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Zhuhai, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/687\/1\/012002"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4199-2","article-title":"Differentiating climate- and human-induced drivers of grassland degradation in the Liao River Basin, China","volume":"187","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.04.027","article-title":"Relative importance of climate change and human activities for vegetation changes on China\u2019s silk road economic belt over multiple timescales","volume":"180","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"105","article-title":"Quantifying the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects on long-term vegetation dynamics in the karst regions of Southwest China","volume":"54","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.361","article-title":"A long-term and comprehensive assessment of the urbanization-induced impacts on vegetation net primary productivity","volume":"669","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.128","article-title":"Determining the contributions of urbanisation and climate change to NPP variations over the last decade in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"472","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105954","article-title":"Spatial-temporal patterns of net primary production in Anji (China) between 1984 and 2014","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134687","article-title":"Identification of ecosystem service bundles and driving factors in Beijing and its surrounding areas","volume":"711","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137814","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization on soil organic carbon stocks in the northeast coastal agricultural areas of China","volume":"721","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"55","article-title":"Towards a Landscape-based Regional Design Approach for Adaptive Transformation in Urbanizing Deltas","volume":"6","author":"Nijhuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Urban Ser."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09424-6","article-title":"An integrated system for rapid assessment of ecological quality based on remote sensing data","volume":"27","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/514434c","article-title":"Open access to Earth land-cover map","volume":"514","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0510-y","article-title":"A harmonized global nighttime light dataset 1992\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.223","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and its driving forces from climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012","volume":"563\u2013564","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9210","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3109638","article-title":"A time-series approach to detect urbanized areas using biophysical indicators and landsat satellite imagery","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"8156","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of net primary productivity and its driving factors in the Nanliu River basin in the Beibu Gulf","volume":"39","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shengtai Xuebao\/Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106654","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization and landscape pattern on habitat quality using OLS and GWR models in Hangzhou, China","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.06.032","article-title":"Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City, China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective","volume":"82","author":"Huilei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112242110","article-title":"Bundling ecosystem services in the Panama Canal watershed","volume":"110","author":"Simonit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2005.01.001","article-title":"Towards a theory of decoupling: Degrees of decoupling in the EU and the case of road traffic in Finland between 1970 and 2001","volume":"12","author":"Tapio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.045","article-title":"A three-step strategy for decoupling economic growth from carbon emission: Empirical evidences from 133 countries","volume":"646","author":"Shuai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101139","article-title":"Urbanization impact on the supply-demand budget of ecosystem services: Decoupling analysis","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, M., and Luo, J. (2021). The tapio decoupling principle and key strategies for changing factors of chinese urban carbon footprint based on cloud computing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042101"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.314","article-title":"Whether carbon intensity in the commercial building sector decouples from economic development in the service industry? Empirical evidence from the top five urban agglomerations in China","volume":"222","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.4236\/me.2019.104091","article-title":"Has \u201cThe Outline of the Plan for the Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta\u201d Promoted to the Coordination of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Econ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:02Z","timestamp":1760133962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]}}}