{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:27:21Z","timestamp":1778628441401,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004194","name":"Northwest University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014KCT-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014KCT-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, natural hazards have become more destructive in recent times because of rapid urban development and exposure. Consequently, significant human life loss, the damage to property and infrastructure, and the collapse of the environment directed the attention of geoscientists to control the consequences and risk management in relation to geo-hazards. In this research, an effort was made to produce a compound map, geo-visualizing the susceptibility of multi-hazards, to select suitable sites for sustainable future development and other economic activities in the region. Muzaffarabad District was chosen as a case research area due to the high magnitude of hydro-meteorological and geological hazards. On the one hand, both selected geo-hazard inventories were developed using the field survey and remote sensing data. The subjective and objective weight of all the causative factors and their classes were calculated using the assembled geospatial techniques, such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) in the Geographic Information System (GIS). The results reveal that the most suitable areas are distributed in the southern and northwestern parts, which can be used for future sustainable development and other economic activities. In contrast, the eastern and western regions, including Muzaffarabad City, are within high and very susceptibility zones. Finally, more than 50% of the land area is located in very low and low susceptibility zones. The validation of the proposed model was checked by using three different techniques: the Receiver Operative Characteristic (ROC) curve, Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI), and Frequency Ratio (FR). Both ROCs, the Success Rate Curve (SRC) and the Predictive Rate Curve (PRC), showed the goodness of fit for both the selected geo-hazards: landslides (81.3%) and floods (93.2%), at 80.1% and 91.7%, respectively. All the validation techniques showed good fitness for both the individual and multi-hazard maps. The proposed model sets a baseline for policy implementation for all the stakeholders to minimize the risk and sustainable future development in areas of high frequent geo-hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Multi-Hazard Susceptibility Assessment Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Frequency Ratio Techniques in the Northwest Himalayas, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnanul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7083-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazlul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakeel","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6992-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Irfan","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Basharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9471-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2055-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Sajid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-6228(97)00041-6","article-title":"The geography of disaster vulnerability in megacities: A theoretical framework","volume":"18","author":"Uitto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of \u2018natural\u2019disasters","volume":"1","author":"Cannon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Disasters Dev. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102550","article-title":"Geo-physical hazards microzonation and suitable site selection through multicriteria analysis using geographical information system","volume":"135","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00110.1","article-title":"The 2005 Pakistan Earthquake Revisited: Methods for Integrated Landslide Assessment","volume":"31","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-012-0248-3","article-title":"Lithological and structural control of Hattian Bala rock avalanche triggered by the Kashmir earthquake 2005, sub-Himalayas, northern Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Basharat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2021, November 20). World Disasters Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.eurospanonline.com."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2011.626083","article-title":"Disaster risk and vulnerability in Pakistan at a district level","volume":"3","author":"Rafiq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Asian Development Bank and World Bank (2019, July 23). Preliminary Damage and Need Assessment (Pakistan Earthquake 2005). Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/29570."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-623-2010","article-title":"Landslides and vegetation cover in the 2005 North Pakistan earthquake: A GIS and statistical quantitative approach","volume":"10","author":"Peduzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Basharat, M. (2012). The Distribution, Characteristics and Behaviour of Mass Movements Triggered by the Kashmir Earthquake 2005, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"41","article-title":"GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation mapping along the Muzaffarabad-Chakoti road in western Himalayan region of Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Farooq","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Himal. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"149","article-title":"Geospatial analysis of landslide susceptibility and zonation in shahpur valley, eastern hindu kush using frequency ratio model","volume":"54","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Petley, D., Dunning, S., Rosser, N., and Kausar, A.B. (2006). Incipient landslides in the Jhelum Valley, Pakistan following the 8th October 2005 earthquake. Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides, Universal Academy Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.09.025","article-title":"Spatial distribution analysis of mass movements triggered by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in the Northeast Himalayas of Pakistan","volume":"206","author":"Basharat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.10.005","article-title":"Trade to aid: EU\u2019s temporary tariff waivers for flood-hit Pakistan","volume":"125","author":"Cheong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3124-8","article-title":"Integrated methodology for flood risk assessment and application in urban communities of Pakistan","volume":"91","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Bank (2010). Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment Project, World Bank. (In English)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"UN (2002). Johannsburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, United Nations. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0373-1","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping for Ayvalik (Western Turkey) and its vicinity by multicriteria decision analysis","volume":"61","author":"Akgun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-009-9451-7","article-title":"Back analysis of landslide susceptibility zonation mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake: An assessment of the reliability of susceptibility zoning maps","volume":"54","author":"Kamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1054","article-title":"A critical analysis of 2010 floods in Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Hashmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2308-y","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and weighted overlay method: A case study from NW Himalayas, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Basharat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-7-659-2016","article-title":"Hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) within multi-hazard methodologies","volume":"7","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.025","article-title":"Suitability estimation for urban development using multi-hazard assessment map","volume":"575","author":"Bathrellos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2018.1424739","article-title":"Application of geospatial technologies for multi-hazard mapping and characterization of associated risk at local scale","volume":"24","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.203","article-title":"Multi-hazard probability assessment and mapping in Iran","volume":"692","author":"Pourghasemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-8003-4","article-title":"Multi-hazard assessment modeling via multi-criteria analysis and GIS: A case study","volume":"78","author":"Skilodimou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-8","article-title":"Modelling the spatial distribution of five natural hazards in the context of the WHO\/EMRO Atlas of Disaster Risk as a step towards the reduction of the health impact related to disasters","volume":"6","author":"Ebener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"259","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS for natural hazards assessment and disaster risk management","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Treatise Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Wu, X., Li, B., and Hu, X. (2018). The susceptibility assessment of multi-hazard in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-2018-104"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"AJK P&D (2015). Azad Kashmir at a Glance, Statistics Section, Planning & Development Department, Azad Govt. of the State of Jammu and Kashmir."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019, September 12). GSP. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Available online: https:\/\/gsp.gov.pk\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2357-2","article-title":"A GIS-based flood susceptibility assessment and its mapping in Iran: A comparison between frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence bivariate statistical models with multi-criteria decision-making technique","volume":"83","author":"Khosravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000302","article-title":"A Data-Driven Approach to Landslide-Susceptibility Mapping in Mountainous Terrain: Case Study from the Northwest Himalayas, Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Riaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2003.09.002","article-title":"GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: A critical overview","volume":"62","author":"Malczewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Plan."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600661508","article-title":"GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis: A survey of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Malczewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.06.001","article-title":"Spatial sensitivity analysis of multi-criteria weights in GIS-based land suitability evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2011.00431.x","article-title":"GIS-Based Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Greene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2015.1045043","article-title":"Flood hazard zoning in Yasooj region, Iran, using GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis","volume":"7","author":"Rahmati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.08.007","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio, logistic regression, artificial neural networks and their comparison: A case study from Kat landslides (Tokat\u2014Turkey)","volume":"35","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2011.01.014","article-title":"A GIS-based comparative study of frequency ratio, analytical hierarchy process, bivariate statistics and logistics regression methods for landslide susceptibility mapping in Trabzon, NE Turkey","volume":"85","author":"Yalcin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"9","article-title":"Comparing heuristic landslide hazard assessment techniques using GIS in the Tirajana basin, Gran Canaria Island, Spain","volume":"2","author":"Barredo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0639-5","article-title":"Assessment of flood hazard based on natural and anthropogenic factors using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)","volume":"68","author":"Stefanidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.06.010","article-title":"The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan","volume":"65","author":"Ayalew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0217-2","article-title":"Application of fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to landslide susceptibility mapping at Haraz watershed, Iran","volume":"63","author":"Pourghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1362038","article-title":"GIS-based spatial prediction of flood prone areas using standalone frequency ratio, logistic regression, weight of evidence and their ensemble techniques","volume":"8","author":"Tehrany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Chen, G., Fang, L., and Nie, Y. (2016). GIS-based integration of subjective and objective weighting methods for regional landslides susceptibility mapping. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8040334"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00227-8","article-title":"Decision-making with the AHP: Why is the principal eigenvector necessary","volume":"145","author":"Saaty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4922","article-title":"Decision making in complex environments: The analytic network process (ANP) for dependence and feedback; A Manual for the ANP Software SuperDecisions","volume":"15213","author":"Saaty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Creat. Decis. Found. Pittsburgh PA"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Alexander, M. (2018, January 02). Decision-Making Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and JMP Scripting Language. Available online: http:\/\/www.jmp.com\/about\/events\/summit2012\/resources\/Paper_Melvin_Alexander.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1988). What is the analytic hierarchy process?. Mathematical Models for Decision Support, Springer.","DOI":"10.13033\/isahp.y1988.042"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2009.12.006","article-title":"Urban flood hazard zoning in Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina, using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis","volume":"111","author":"Lutz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Lootsma, F.A. (2007). Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.115","article-title":"GIS-based groundwater potential mapping in Shahroud plain, Iran. A comparison among statistical (bivariate and multivariate), data mining and MCDM approaches","volume":"658","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-006-0004-0","article-title":"Probabilistic landslide hazards and risk mapping on Penang Island, Malaysia","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-006-0256-7","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping in the Damrei Romel area, Cambodia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.12.004","article-title":"GIS based susceptibility mapping of karst depression in gypsum: A case study from Sivas basin (Turkey)","volume":"90","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-013-0021-y","article-title":"Integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the frequency ratio (FR) model in landslide susceptibility mapping of Shiv-khola watershed, Darjeeling Himalaya","volume":"4","author":"Mondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Park, S., Son, S., Han, J., Lee, S., and Kim, J. (2018, January 4\u201313). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using an integrated DRASTIC model using frequency ratio and analytic hierarchy process in GIS. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.04.007","article-title":"Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake","volume":"94","author":"Owen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0918-1","article-title":"Analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the Kashmir Himalayas of Pakistan","volume":"71","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40677-016-0053-x","article-title":"Performance of frequency ratio and logistic regression model in creating GIS based landslides susceptibility map at Lompobattang Mountain, Indonesia","volume":"3","author":"Rasyid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoenviron. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yesilnacar, E.K. (2005). The Application of Computational Intelligence to Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Turkey. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne].","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2409-6_1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-003-0917-8","article-title":"A comparison of the GIS based landslide susceptibility assessment methods: Multivariate versus bivariate","volume":"45","author":"Doyuran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(03)00143-1","article-title":"Data driven bivariate landslide susceptibility assessment using geographical information systems: A method and application to Asarsuyu catchment, Turkey","volume":"71","author":"Doyuran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.01.006","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide hazard analysis and cross-validation using multivariate logistic regression model on three test areas in Malaysia","volume":"45","author":"Pradhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(01)00087-3","article-title":"Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island, Hong Kong","volume":"42","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/w6061515","article-title":"Urban flood vulnerability and risk mapping using integrated multi-parametric AHP and GIS: Methodological overview and case study assessment","volume":"6","author":"Ouma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02659.x","article-title":"Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1029\/TR038i006p00913","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology","volume":"38","author":"Strahler","year":"1957","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.08.013","article-title":"Landslide hazard analysis for Hong Kong using landslide inventory and GIS","volume":"30","author":"Chau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Ozdemir, H., and Turoglu, H. (2007, January 23\u201327). Landslide susceptibility assessment using GIS and RS in the Havran River Basin (Balikesir-TURKEY). Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the International Association of Mathematical Geology, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-6374-y","article-title":"Shallow landslide susceptibility assessment using a novel hybrid intelligence approach","volume":"76","author":"Shirzadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-012-0236-7","article-title":"Landslide hazard mapping using GIS and weight of evidence model in Qingshui River watershed of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake struck region","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.09.025","article-title":"Artificial neural networks applied to landslide susceptibility assessment","volume":"66","author":"Ermini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.10.017","article-title":"Flood susceptibility assessment using GIS-based support vector machine model with different kernel types","volume":"125","author":"Tehrany","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"189","article-title":"The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: Its rocks, tectonics and orogeny","volume":"65","author":"Wadia","year":"1931","journal-title":"Rec. Geol. Surv. India"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calkins, J.A., Offield, T.W., Abdullah, S., and Ali, S. (1975). Geology of the Southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and Adjacent Areas.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp716C"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1029\/TC007i002p00273","article-title":"The tectonic structure of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, southern Himalayas, Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Bossart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kausar, A.B., Karim, T., and Khna, T. (2006). Active Faulting and Earthquake Deformation in Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Azad Kashmir, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. Extended Abstracts, International Conference on 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan: Its Implications and Hazard Mitigation, Islamabad, Pakistan, 18\u201319 January 2006, Geological Survey of Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1184","article-title":"Loading of the San Andreas fault by flood-induced rupture of faults beneath the Salton Sea","volume":"4","author":"Brothers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"144","article-title":"Flood frequency analysis of homogeneous regions of Jhelum river basin","volume":"4","author":"Zakaullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2018.01.044","article-title":"Assessment of flood hazard areas using Analytical Hierarchy Process over the Lower Yom Basin, Sukhothai Province","volume":"212","author":"Seejata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1255668","article-title":"Estimating urban flooding potential near the outlet of an arid catchment in Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.06.025","article-title":"The 2005, Mw 7.6 Kashmir earthquake: Sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis","volume":"249","author":"Avouac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:45Z","timestamp":1760134005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]}}}